Sekülerleşmeye Farklı Teorik Perspektifler ve Göçün Avrupa’nın Gelecekteki Dindarlığı Üzerindeki Etkisi

Sekülerleşme ve dindarlığın yükselişi tartışması, Ortadoğu’da yaşanan çatışmalar nedeniyle Avrupa’ya yönelen yoğun göçle birlikte farklı bir boyuta taşındı. Sekülerleşme literatürü, modernleşme ile uyumlu olarak doğrusal bir yükseliş trendi bekliyor ve Avrupa’nın her ikisi için de merkez noktası olmasını öngörüyordu. Bu çalışma, sekülerleşme tartışmasını ele alarak güncel göç dalgasını, bu görece ihmal edilmiş olan bağlamda incelemektedir. Ana fikir, sekülerleşme kuramları içerisinde dinde pazar modeli yaklaşımının ve varoluşsal güvenlik paradigmasının Avrupa’da din-devlet ilişkilerinin geleceği ile ilgili daha geniş bir açıklama gücüne sahip olduğudur. Buna göre, klasik sekülerleşme kuramlarının beklediğinin aksine, göçün sonucu olarak dini çoğulculuk ve hem doğum oranları hem de dindarlıkları Avrupalılardan daha yüksek olan Müslüman göçmenlerin Avrupa’daki dindarlığı artırmaları öngörülmektedir. Bu manada, dini alandaki tartışmaları büyük ölçüde geride bırakmış olan Avrupa, yaşanan göç fenomeni nedeniyle yeni bir mücadele ile karşı karşıya kalabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Sekülerleşme, Göç, Avrupa, Dini Çoğulculuk, Dindarlık

Different Theoretical Perspectives to Secularization and the Impact of Migration on Future Religiosity of Europe

Secularization versus religious revival debate has been shifted to another dimension with the mass migration targeting Europe because of the conflicts in the Middle East. The literature concerning secularism was expecting a linear trend in line with the modernization and Europe was considered to be the nexus of both. This study delineates the secularization debate for evaluating the recent trend of migration within this rather neglected scope. The main argument is that among the secularization theories, religious market model and existential security paradigm have a greater explanatory power for the future state-religion relations in Europe. They indicate that as a result of migration, contrary to the expectation of classical secularism theories, the overall religiosity might increase in Europe due to the pluralization of the religious realm as well as the fact that Muslim migrants who are more religious also have higher fertility rate than Europeans. In that sense, Europe, which seemed to settle the dispute concerning religious realm for years now might be faced with a new challenge due to the migration phenomenon.

Keywords:

Secularization, Migration, Europe, Religious Pluralization, Religiosity,

PDF

___

Aarts, Olav, Ariana Need, Manfred te Grotenhuis and Nan Dirk De Graaf (2008), “Does Belonging Accompany Believing? Correlations and Trends in Western Europe and North America between 1981 and 2000”, Review of Religious Research, 50 (1): 16-34.
Allen, N.J., W.S.F. Pickering and W.Watts Miller (Eds.) (1998), On Durkheim’s Elementary Forms of Religious Life (New York: Routledge).
Banfi, Elisa, Matteo Gianni and Marco Guini (2015), “Religious Minorities and Secularism: An Alternative View of the Impact of Religion on Political Values of Muslims in Europe”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42 (2): 292-308.
Beaumont, Justin, Klaus Eder and Eduardo Mendieta (2020), “Reflexive Secularization? Concepts, Processes and Antagonisms of Postsecularity”, European Journal of Social Theory, 23 (3): 291-309.
Berger, Peter L. (1967), The Sacred Canopy (New York: Doubleday).
Berger, Peter L. (2008), “Secularization Falsified”, First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life, February Issue: 23-27.
Berger, Peter L. (2014), The Many Altars of Modernity: Toward a Paradigm for Religion in a Pluralist Age (De Gruyter). DOI: 10.1515/9781614516477
Blekesaune, Morten (2020), “The Fertility of Female Immigrants to Europe from Christian and Muslim Countries”, Journal of Religion and Demography, 7: 222-237.
Bruce, Steve (Ed.) (1992), Religion and Modernization: Sociologists and Historians Debate the Secularization Thesis (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
Bruce, Steve (1996), Religion in the Modern World: From Cathedrals to Cults (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Bruce, Steve (2002), God is Dead: Secularization in the West (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing).
Bruce, Steve and David Voas (2010), “Vicarious Religion: An Examination and Critique”, Journal of Contemporary Religion, 25 (2): 243-259.
Brynes, Timothy A. and Peter J. Katzenstein (Ed.) (2006), Religion in an Expanding Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Casanova, José (1994), Public Religions in the Modern World (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press).
Casanova, José (2009), “Religion, secular identities, and integration”, Brynes, Timothy A. and Peter J. Katzenstein (Ed.), Religion in an Expanding Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 65-92.
Casanova, José (2009), “The Secular and Secularisms”, Social Research, 76 (4): 1049-1066.
Cavanaugh, William T. (1995), “A Fire Strong Enough to Consume the House: The Wars of Religion and the Rise of the State”, Modern Theology, 11 (4): 397-420.
Chadwick, Owen (1990), The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Chaves, Mark (1994), “Secularization as Declining Religious Authority”, Social Forces, 72 (3): 749-774.
Chaves, Mark (1997), “Secularization: A Luhmannian Reflection”, Soziale Systeme, 3: 439-449.
Davie, Grace (2002), Europe: The Exceptional Case: Parameters of Faith in Modern World (London: Darton, Longman and Todd).
Davie, Grace, Paul Heelas and Linda Woodhead (Ed.) (2003), Predicting Religion: Christian, Secular and Alternative Features (London: Routledge).
Davie, Grace (2008), “From Believing without Belonging to Vicarious Religion”, Pollack, Detlef and Daniel V. A. Olson (Eds.), The Role of Religion in Modern Societies (New York: Routledge): 165-176.
Dobbelaere, Karel (1985), “Secularization Theories and Sociological Paradigms: A Reformulation of the Private-Public Dichotomy and the Problem of Societal Integration”, Sociological Analysis, 46 (4): 377-387.
Dobbelaere, Karel (1987), “Some Trends in European Sociology of Religion: The Secularization Debate”, Sociological Analysis, 48 (2): 107-137.
Dobbelaere, Karel (1999), “Towards an Integrated Perspective of the Processes Related to the Descriptive Concept of Secularization”, Sociology of Religion, 60 (3): 229-247.
Dönmez, Rasim Özgür (2004), “Küreselleşme, Batı Modernliği ve Şiddet: Batı’ya Karşı Siyasal İslam”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 1 (4): 81-114.
Featherstone, Kevin (2003), “Introduction: In the Name of Europe”, Featherstone, Kevin and Claudio M. Radaelli (Eds.), The Politics of Europeanization (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Fox, Jonathan (2001), “Religion: An Oft Overlooked Element of International Studies”, International Studies Review, 3 (3): 53-73.
Fox, Jonathan and Shmuel Sandler (2004), Bringing Religion in International Relations (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
Gaskins, Ben, Matt Golder and David A. Siegel (2013a), “Religious Participation and Economic Conservatism”, American Journal of Political Science, 57 (4): 823-840.
Gaskins, Ben, Matt Golder and David A. Siegel (2013b), “Religious Participation, Social Conservatism and Human Development”, The Journal of Politics, 75 (4): 1125-1141.
Gedicks, Frederick M. (1991), “The Religious, the Secular, and the Antithetical”, Capital University Law Review, 20 (1): 113-145.
George, Alexander L. and Andrew Bennett (2005), Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences (Cambridge: MIT Press).
Gill, Anthony (2007), The Political Origins of Religious Liberty (New York: Cambridge University Press).
Gill, Anthony (2008), “Secularization and the State”, Pollack, Detlef and Daniel V.A. Olson (Ed.), The Role of Religion in Modern Societies (New York: Routledge): 115-139.
Greeley, Anthony (2008), “Unsecular Europe”, Pollack, Detlef and Daniel V.A. Olson (Ed.), The Role of Religion in Modern Societies (New York: Routledge): 141-161.
Grim, Brian J. and Roger Finke (2006), “International Religion Indexes: Government Regulation, Government Favoritism, and Social Regulation of Religion”, Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, 2 (1): 2-40.
Hackett, Conrad, Marcin Stonawski, Michaela Potančoková, Phillip Connor, Anne Fengyan Shi, Stephanie Kramer and Joey Marshall (2019), “Projections of Europe’s Growing Muslim Population Under Three Migration Scenarios”, Journal of Religion and Demography, 6: 87-122.
Hadden, Jeffrey K (1987), “Toward Desacralizing Secularization Theory”, Social Forces, 65 (3): 587-611.
Haynes, Jeffrey (2007), An Introduction to International Relations and Religion (London: Pearson Education Limited).
Idler, Ellen (2021), “Is Secularization an Age-Related Process?”, The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 94 (1): 8-22.
Jones, Sue Stedman (1998), “The Concept of Belief in Elementary Forms,” Allen, N. J., W. S. F. Pickering and W. Watts Miller (Ed.), On Durkheim’s Elementary Forms of Religious Life (New York: Routledge): 53-65.
Katzenstein, Peter J. (2006), “Multiple Modernities as Limits to Secular Europeanization?”, Brynes, Timothy A. and Peter J. Katzenstein (Ed.), Religion in an Expanding Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 1-33.
Kaufmann, Eric, Anne Goujon and Vegard Skirbekk (2012), “The End of Secularization in Europe? A Socio-Demographic Perspective”, Sociology of Religion, 73 (1): 69-91.
Kuru, Ahmet (2007), “Passive and Assertive Secularism: Historical Conditions, Ideological Struggles, and State Policies toward Religion”, World Politics, 59: 568-594.
Lipka, Michael (2017), “Europe’s Muslim Population will continue to grow – but how much depends on migration”, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/12/04/europes-muslim-population-will-continue-to-grow-but-how-much-depends-on-migration/ (17.03.2022).
Luckmann, Thomas (2003), “Transformations of Religion and Morality in Modern Europe”, Social Compass, 50 (3): 275-285.
Lyck-Bowen, Majbritt and Mark Owen (2019), “A Multi-Religious Response to the Migrant Crisis in Europe: A Preliminary Examination of Potential Benefits of Multi-Religious Cooperation on the Integration of Migrants”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45 (1): 21-41.
Martin, David (2005), On Secularization (Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company).
Molteni, Francesco and Iraklis Dimitriadis (2021), “Immigrants’ Religious Transmission in Southern Europe: Reaction or Assimilation? Evidence from Italy”, Journal of International Migration, 22: 1485-1504.
Nexon, Daniel (2006), “Religion, European identity, and political contention in historical perspective”, Brynes, Timothy A. and Peter J. Katzenstein (Eds.), Religion in an Expanding Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 256-282.
Norris, Pippa and Ronald Inglehart (2004), Sacred and Secular (New York: Cambridge University Press).
Papademetriou, Demetrios G., Richard Alba, Nancy Foner and Natalia Banulescu-Bogdan (2016), Managing Religious Difference in North America and Europe in an Era of Mass Migration (Migration Policy Institute).
Philips, Rick (2004), “Can Rising Rates of Church Participation be a Consequence of Secularization?”, Sociology of Religion, 65 (2): 139-153.
Pollack, Detlef and Gert Pickel (2007), “Religious Individualization or Secularization? Testing Hypotheses of Religious Change – The Case of Eastern and Western Germany”, The British Journal of Sociology, 58 (4): 603-632.
Pollack, Detlef (2008), “Religious Change in Europe: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Findings”, Social Compass, 55 (2): 168-186.
Pollack, Detlef and Daniel V. A. Olson (Eds.) (2008), The Role of Religion in Modern Societies (New York: Routledge).
Pollack, Detlef (2008), “Introduction: Religious Change in Modern Societies—Perspectives Offered by the Sociology of Religion”, Detlef Pollack and Daniel V. A. Olson (Eds.), The Role of Religion in Modern Societies (New York: Routledge): 1-22.
Pollack, Detlef, Olaf Müller and Gert Pickel (2016), The Social Significance of Religion in the Enlarged Europe (New York: Routledge).
Sahliyeh, Emile (1990), “Religious Resurgence and Political Modernization”, Emile Sahliyeh (Ed.), Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World (Albany: State University of New York Press): 1-16.
Snel, Erik, Özge Bilgili and Richard Staring (2020), “Migration trajectories and transnational support within and beyond Europe”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2020.1804189
Stark, Rodney (1999), “Secularization, R.I.P”, Sociology of Religion, 60 (3): 249-73.
Stark, Rodney and Laurence R. Iannacone (1994), “A Supply-Side Reinterpretation of the “Secularization” of Europe”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 33 (3): 230-252.
Stark, Rodney and Roger Finke (2000), Acts of Faith: Explaining the human side of religion (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press).
Stierl, Maurice (2020), “Reimagining EUrope through the Governance of Migration”, International Political Sociology, 14 (3): 252–269. DOI: 10.1093/ips/olaa007
Stiftung, Bertelsmann (Ed.) (2009), What the World Believes (Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung: Gütersloh).
Swatos, William H. and Kevin J. Christiano (1999), “Secularization Theory: The Course of a Concept”, Sociology of Religion, 60 (3): 209-228.
Şenses, Nazlı (2020), “Göçmen Odaklı Sivil Toplum Oluşumları: Değişen Eylemler ve Siyasetler”, Alternatif Politika, 12 (1): 50-78.
Thomas, Scott M. (2005), The Global Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Relations (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
Tschannen, Oliver (1991), “The Secularization Paradigm: A Systematization”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30 (4): 395-415.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2019), “Global Trends”, https://www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/5ee200e37/unhcr-global-trends-2019.html (20.05.2021).
Üstübici, Ayşen and Kübra Ergün (2021), “Migration-Development-Security Nexus in the Context of External Dimensions of the EU Policies”, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 19 (2): 523-552.
Wallerstein, Immanuel (2011), The Modern World System I (Berkeley: University of California Press).
Weber, Max (1930), The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Scribner’s) (Translator Talcott Parsons).