KÜLTÜREL MİRAS HAKKI: KÜLTÜREL MİRASA İNSAN HAKLARI TEMELLİ GÜNCEL YAKLAŞIMLAR

Son yıllarda, kültürel miras hakkı hem insan haklarının hem de kültürel mirasın korunmasına yönelik uluslararası sözleşmelerin kapsamına gittikçe artan bir şekilde dahil ediliyor. Kültürel mirası sosyal kimliklerinin bir parçası olarak kabul eden bireylerin ve grupların ona erişimini ve ondan faydalanabilmesini kısıtlayan uygulamaların insan hakları ihlali olarak değerlendirilmesi gerektiği, akademik ve profesyonel çevrelerce de sıkça dile getirilmeye başlandı. Bu makale, kültürel miras hakkı konusundaki güncel akademik tartışmaları ve uluslararası sözleşmeler nezdindeki gelişmeleri “yerel mülkiyet” ve “katılım” odaklı iki farklı yaklaşım üzerinden incelemeyi amaçlıyor. Her iki yaklaşım da kültürel mirasın insan hakları temelli bir anlayışla korunmasının daha demokratik ve eşitlikçi süreçlere olanak vereceğini vurgulasa da, bu hakkın nasıl kavramsallaştırılması, neleri kapsaması ve kim(ler)e tanınması gerektiği konusunda farklı görüşler sergiliyor. Günümüzde “yerel mülkiyet” odaklı yaklaşım, uluslararası hukuk alanında daha yaygın olarak kabul görmektedir. Ancak Ian Hodder (2010) tarafından öne sürülen “katılım” odaklı yaklaşım, kültürel mirasla çeşitli ekonomik, kültürel ve politik amaçlarla ilişki kuran toplumun farklı kesimlerinin hak taleplerini dikkate alması dolayısıyla daha kapsayıcıdır.

CULTURAL HERITAGE RIGHTS: CONTEMPORARY HUMAN RIGHTS BASED APPROACHES TO CULTURAL HERITAGE

In recent years, the right to cultural heritage has come to be included more and more within the framework of international conventions for the protection of human rights and cultural heritage. Furthermore, academic and professional circles have been increasingly considering the idea that practices limiting the access and enjoyment of individuals and groups who claim cultural heritage as part of their social identity should be treated as violations of human rights. This article aims to explore current academic debates on cultural heritage rights and related transformations in international conventions by focusing on “local ownership-based” and “participation-based” approaches. While both emphasize that the adoption of human rights-based approaches in the protection of cultural heritage would allow for more democratic and egalitarian processes, they differ on how this right should be conceptualized, what it should involve, and whose right it should be. Local ownership-based approach is more widely accepted in international law at present. However, participation-based approach put forward by Ian Hodder (2010) is more inclusive because it considers rights claims by different segments of society that relate to cultural heritage for various economic, cultural and political purposes.

PDF

___

Anico, Marta ve Elsa Peralta (2009b), “Introduction”, Peralta, Elsa ve Marta Anico (Der.), Heritage and Identity – Engagement and Demission in the Contemporary World (New York: Routledge): 1–11.
Ashworth, G. J. ve Bart J. M. van der Aa (2006), “Strategy and Policy for the World Heritage Convention: goals, practices and future solutions”, Leask, Anna ve Fyall, Alan (Der.), Managing World Heritage Sites (Oxford: Elsevier): 147-158.
Aykan, Bahar (2012), “UNESCO ve Kültürel Mirasın Milliyeti” Yelsali Parmaksız, P. Melis (Der.), Neye Yarar Hatıralar? Bellek ve Siyaset Çalışmaları (Ankara: Phoenix): 303-337.
Aykan, Bahar (2018), “Saving Hasankeyf: Limits and Possibilities of International Human Rights Law”, International Journal of Cultural Property, yayın aşamasında.
Baird, Melissa F. (2014), “Heritage, Human Rights, and Social Justice”, Heritage and Society 7 (2): 139-155.
Biehl, Peter F., Douglas C. Corner, Christopher Prescott, Hilary A. Soderland, (Der.) (2015), Identity and Heritage: Contemporary Challenges in a Globalized World (New York: Springer).
Blake, Janet (2011), “Taking a Human Rights Approach to Cultural Heritage Protection”, Heritage & Society, 4 (2): 199-238.
Byrne, Denis (2009), “A Critique of Unfeeling Heritage”, Smith, Laurajane ve Natsuko Akagawa (Der.), Intangible Heritage (New York: Routledge): 229 –252.
Chirikure, Shadreck, Munyaradzi Manyanga, Webber Ndoro ve Gilbert Pwiti (2010), “Unfulfilled promises? Heritage Management and Community Participation at some of Africa’s Cultural Heritage Sites”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 16 (1-2): 30-44.
Durbach, Andrea ve Lucas Lixinski (Der.) (2017), Heritage, Culture and Rights: Challenging Legal Discourses (London: Bloomsbury).
ECHR, (2011), Research Division, Cultural Rights in the Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Research_report_cultural_rights_ENG.pdf (17.08.2017).
Engelhardt, Richard (2002), “UNESCO Presentation: Regional Perspectives”, Promotion of the ‘Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity’, Final Report of 2002 Regional Workshop for Cultural Personnel in Asia and the Pacific Tokyo, Japonya, 12 – 16 Mart 2002, (Tokyo: UNESCO): 29–31
Ekern, Stener, William Logan, Birgitte Sauge, ve Amund Sinding-Larsen (Der.) (2015), World Heritage Management and Human Rights (New York: Routledge).
Escallón, Maria F. (2018), “Heritage, Lands, and Competing Narratives of Rights in Colombia”, International Journal of Cultural Property, yayın aşamasında.
Fairclough, Graham, Milena Dragićević-šešić, Ljiljana Rogač-Mijatović, Elizabeth Auclair ve Katriina Soini, (2014), The Faro Convention, A New Paradigm for Socially-and Culturally- Sustainable Heritage Action?, култура/Culture, 4 (8): 9-19.
Francioni, Francesco (2016), “Natural Resources and Human Rights”, Morgera, Elisa ve Kati Kulovesi (Der.), Research Handbook on International Law and Natural Resources (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar): 66-85.
Graham, Brian, G. J. Ashworth ve J. E. Tunbridge (2000), A Geography of Heritage: Power, Culture & Economy (New York: Hodder Arnold).
Graham, Brian ve Peter Howard (2008a), “Heritage and Identity”, Graham, Brian ve Peter Howard (Der.), The Ashgate Research Companion to Heritage and Identity (Hampshire: Ashgate): 1–15.
Graham, Brian ve Peter Howard (Der.) (2008b), The Ashgate Research Companion to Heritage and Identity (Hampshire: Ashgate).
Hall, Stuart (2005), “Whose Heritage? Un-settling ‘The Heritage’, Re-imagining the Post-nation”, Littler, Jo ve Roshi Naidoo (Der.), The Politics of Heritage – The Legacies of ‘Race’ (New York: Routledge): 21–31.
Hodder, Ian (2010), “Cultural Heritage Rights: From Ownership and Descent to Justice and Well-being”, Anthropological Quarterly 83 (4): 861-82.
ICOMOS Norway (2014), Building Capacity to Support Rights-Based Approaches in the World Heritage Convention: Learning from Practice (Oslo: ICOMOS).
Jalais, Annu (2007), “The Sundarbans: Whose World Heritage Site?”, Conservation and Society, 5 (3): 335-342.
Kraak, Laura A. (2017), “Impediments to a Human Rights-Based Approach to Heritage Conservation: the case of Bagan, Myanmar”, International Journal of Cultural Policy, 23 (4): 433-445.
Langfield, Michele, William Logan ve Máiréad Nic Craith (Der.) (2010), Cultural Diversity, Heritage and Human Rights (New York: Routledge).
Larsen, Peter B. ve Kristal Buckley (2018), “Approaching Rights at the World Heritage Committee: capturing situated conversations, complexity and dynamism in global heritage processes”, International Journal of Cultural Property, yayın aşamasında.
Lixinski, Lucas (2011), “Selecting Heritage: The Interplay of Art, Politics and Identity”, The European Journal of International Law, 22 (1): 81-100.
Logan, William (2007), “Closing Pandora’s Box: Human Rights Conundrums in Cultural Heritage Protection.” Silverman, Helaine ve Fairchild D. Ruggles (Der.) Cultural Heritage and Human Rights (New York: Springer): 33-52.
Logan, William (2014), “Heritage Rights—Avoidance and Reinforcement.” Heritage & Society 7 (2): 156-169.
Lowenthal, David (1998), The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History (New York: Cambridge University Press).
MacDonald, Sharon (2013), Memorylands: Heritage and Identity in Europe Today (New York: Routledge).
McLean, Fiona (Der.) (2006), “Special Issue: Heritage and Identity”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 12 (1).
Miura, Keiko (2005), “Conservation of a ‘Living Heritage Site’ A Contradiction in Terms?: A case study of Angkor World Heritage Site”, Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 7 (1): 3-18.
Meskell, Lynn (2010), “Human Rights and Heritage Ethics”, Anthropological Quarterly, 83 (4): 839-860.
Peralta, Elsa ve Marta Anico (Der.) (2009a), Heritage and Identity–Engagement and Demission in the Contemporary World (New York: Routledge).
Ruggles, Fairchild D. ve Helaine Silverman (2009), “From Tangible to Intangible”, Ruggles, Fairchild D. ve Helaine Silverman, Intangible Heritage Embodied (London: Springer): 1–14.
Schofield, John (2015), “Forget About ‘Heritage’: Place, Ethics and the Faro Convention” Ireland, Tracy ve John Schofield (Der.), The Ethics of Cultural Heritage (London: Springer): 197-209.
Shoup, Daniel (2006), “Can Archeology Build a Dam? Sites and Politics in Turkey’s Southeast Anatolia Project”, Journal of Mediterranean Archeology, 19 (2): 231-58.
Silverman, Helaine (2011), “Contested Cultural Heritage: A Selective Historiography”, Silverman, Helaine, Der., Contested Cultural Heritage (New York: Springer): 1-50.
Silverman, Helaine ve Fairchild D. Ruggles (Der.) (2007a), Cultural Heritage and Human Rights (New York: Springer).
Silverman, Helaine ve Fairchild D. Ruggles (2007), “Cultural Heritage and Human Rights”, Silverman, Helaine ve Fairchild D. Ruggles (Der.) Cultural Heritage and Human Rights, (New York: Springer): 3-22.
Smith, Laurajane (2006), Uses of Heritage (New York: Routledge).
Suman, Daniel (2008), “Tamales & Bollos- Patrimonio De La Humanidad/ World Heritage: Challenges Faced by Restoration Efforts in Panama City’s San Felipe Historic District”, Tennessee Journal of Law and Policy, 4 (2): 403-465.
Turner, Bryan S. (2006), Vulnerability and Human Rights (Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press).
UNESCO (2015a), Policy for the Integration of a Sustainable Development Perspective into the Processes of the World Heritage Convention, http://whc.unesco.org/en/sustainabledevelopment/ (07.08.2017)
UNESCO (2015b), Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, http://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/ (08.08.2017)
Warner, Jeroen (2012), “The struggle over Turkey’s Ilısu Dam: domestic and international security linkages.” International Environmental Agreements, 12: 231-50.
Vrdoljak, Ana F. (2006), International Law, Museums and the Return of Cultural Objects (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Vrdoljak, Ana F. (2013), “Liberty, Equality, Diversity: States, Cultures, and International Law”, Vrdoljak, Ana F. (Der.), The Cultural Dimension of Human Rights (Oxford: London): 26-70.