İnanç, Devlete Bağlılık ve Ekonomik Yoksunluğun Kesişim Noktası: 19. Yüzyıl Batı Avrupa'sında Hıristiyan Demokrat Sendikalar

İşçi ve çiftçi Hıristiyan demokrat sendikaları (HDS) neden bazı Batı Avrupa ülkelerinde diğerlerine göre daha fazla gelişme gösterdi? Marksist teoriler, sendikal faaliyetleri sanayileşme ile açıklar. Bununla birlikte, HDS’lerin en aktif oldukları devletler 19. yüzyılın sonlarında İtalya ve Almanya gibi hızla sanayileşen devletler değildi. Bu makale, sosyal kimlik teorisini ve Lipset & Rokkan'ın bölünme teorisine dayanarak, Alman, Fransız, İtalyan, Hollanda ve Belçika vakaları üzerinde süreç izleme yöntemi kullanarak aşağıdaki argümanı test eder: kilise karşıtı saldırıların bir merkez-çevre çatışmasına yol açtığı devletlerde HDS’lerin organizasyonel olarak aktif olabilmeleri daha olasıyken, kilise karşıtı saldırıların kilise-devlet çatışmasına yol açtığı devletlerde HDS’lerin önemli bir güç elde etmesi daha az olasıdır. Öte yandan, devlette Katolik bir azınlığın varlığı da bu ilişkiyi etkiler. Protestanların çoğunluğu oluşturduğu devletlerde, Katoliklik, bireyleri harekete geçirmeyi ve grup içi uyumu sürdürmeyi kolaylaştırdı. Buna ek olarak, Lutheran devletlerin Katolik aktivizmine yönelik düşmanlığı ve Katolik azınlığın belli bölgelerde yoğunlaşmaları, HDS gelişimini hızlandıran mezhepsel farklılığı vurguladı.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Hıristiyan Demokrasi, Hıristiyan Demokrat Sendikalar, Bölünmeler, Sanayileşme, Mezhepsel Farklılıklar

At the Intersection of Faith, Allegiances Toward the State, and Economic Deprivation: The Case of the Christian Democratic Unions in 19th Century Western Europe

Why were Christian democratic unions (CDUs) among workers and farmers more proactive in some Western European states than in others? Marxist theories explain union activity by industrialization. However, CDUs were not the most active in the late 19th century in rapidly industrializing states, e.g., Italy and Germany. Using social identity theory and Lipset’s & Rokkan’s cleavage theory, this paper conducts process tracing on the German, French, Italian, Dutch, and Belgian cases to test the following argument: CDUs were more likely to develop in states where anticlerical attacks unleashed a center-periphery conflict. CDUs are less likely to expand in states where anticlerical attacks precipitated a church-state conflict. The presence of a Catholic minority moderated this relationship. In the Protestant-dominant states, Catholicism allowed for mobilizing individuals and maintaining cohesion. The Lutheran states’ hostility toward Catholic activism and the regional concentration of the minority accentuated this denominational difference, which catalyzed CDU development.

Keywords:

Christian Democracy, Christian Democratic Unions, Cleavages, Industrialization, Denominational Differences,

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