Weed Management in Organic Farming

An Agri-ecosystem is associate degree exceptional living surroundings for wild species of plants (weeds) however conjointly different organisms, like microorganisms, invertebrates and different higher organisms, which all, together with the crop diversity, build up the diverseness of agricultural lands. Diverseness is inextricably coupled with the availability of system services. High diverseness of microorganisms and predatory invertebrates will, for instance, bring positive ends up in the shape of biological gadfly management, organic matter decomposition rate, carbon cycle sweetening, Lately, the intensification of agricultural production, excessive water consumption and environmental pollution (mostly with pesticides and nutrient contamination) caused the loss of plant, invertebrate and vertebrate species on cultivable fields. The most aim of the strategy is to stop any species loss, conservation of their natural habitats and property use of diverseness of species. Plants occupy all-time low level within the biological process chain; so, conservation of their diverseness can enhance species richness of organisms at higher biological process levels.

PDF

___

Barton, L., Kiese, R., Gatter, D., Butterbach‐Bahl, K.L.A.U.S., Buck, R., Hinz, C., and Murphy, D.V., 2008. Nitrous oxide emissions from a cropped soil in a semi‐arid climate. Global Change Biology, 14(1): 177-192.

Cardinale, B.J., Matulich, K.L., Hooper, D.U., Byrnes, J.E., Duffy, E., Gamfeldt, L., and Gonzalez, A., 2011. The functional role of producer diversity in ecosystems. American Journal of Botany, 98(3): 572-592.

Mendelsohn, R., Dinar, A., and Sanghi, A., 2001. The effect of development on the climate sensitivity of agriculture. Environment and Development Economics: 85-101.

Kladivko, E.J., 2001. Tillage systems and soil ecology. Soil and Tillage Research, 61(1-2): 61-76.

Koirala, P., Dhakal, S., and Tamrakar, A.S., 2009. Pesticide application and food safety issue in Nepal. Journal of Agriculture and Environment, 10: 128-132.

Kuo, S., Sainju, U.M., and Jellum, E.J., 1997. Winter cover crop effects on soil organic carbon and carbohydrate in soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 61(1): 145-152.

Locke, M.A., Reddy, K.N., Zablotowicz, R.M., 2002. Weed management in conservation crop production systems. Weed Biology and management, 2(3): 123-132.

Lonsdale, W.M., Harley, K.L.S., and Gillett, J.D., 1988. Seed bank dynamics in Mimosa pigra, an invasive tropical shrub. Journal of Applied Ecology: 963-976.

Lu, Y.C., Watkins, K.B., Teasdale, J.R., and Abdul-Baki, A.A., 2000. Cover crops in sustainable food production. Food Reviews International, 16(2): 121-157.

Mäder, P., and Berner, A., 2012. Development of reduced tillage systems in organic farming in Europe. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 27(1): 7-11.

Hallmann, C.A., Sorg, M., Jongejans, E., Siepel, H., Hofland, N., Schwan, H., and Goulson, D., 2017. More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas. PloS one, 12(10): e0185809.

Gurevitch, J., Morrow, L.L., Wallace, A., and Walsh, J.S., 1992. A meta-analysis of competition in field experiments. The American Naturalist, 140(4): 539-572.

Niggli, U., Fließbach, A., Hepperly, P., and Scialabba, N., 2009. Low greenhouse gas agriculture: mitigation and adaptation potential of sustainable farming systems. Ökologie & Landbau, 141: 32-33.

Kromp, B., 1989. Carabid beetle communities (Carabidae, Coleoptera) in biologically and conventionally farmed agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 27(1-4): 241-251.