Turizm Sektöründe Algılanan İş Güvencesizliği ve İstihdam Edilebilirlik: Konaklama İşletmeleri Örneği

Bu çalışma ile turizm sektöründe çalışanların iş güvencesizliği ve istihdam edilebilirlik algılarının sosyo-demografik özelliklerine göre incelenmesi ve iş güvencesizliği ile istihdam edilebilirlik algısı arasındaki ilişkinin görgül olarak ortaya koyulması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın evreni Nevşehir’de faaliyet gösteren dört ve beş yıldızlı konaklama işletmeleri çalışanları olarak belirlenmiş ve kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile toplam 361 çalışandan veri toplanmıştır. Çalışmanın kuramsal çerçevesi doğrultusunda geliştirilen araştırma hipotezlerinin sınanabilmesi amacıyla tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve regresyon analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular çalışanların iş güvencesizliği ve istihdam edilebilirlik algılarının yaş, eğitim seviyesi ve çalışma süresine göre değiştiğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca, istihdam edilebilirliğin iş güvencesizliği algısı üzerinde negatif yönlü anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğu ve yüksek düzeyde istihdam edilebilirlik algısına sahip olan çalışanların, düşük düzeyde istihdam edilebilirlik algısına sahip olan çalışanlardan daha az iş güvencesizliği algıladıkları tespit edilmiştir.

Job Insecurity and Employability Perceptions in Tourism Industry: An Empirical Examination of Hotel Employees

In this study, it was aimed to examine the job insecurity and employability perceptions of the employees in the tourism industry according to their socio-demographic characteristics and to reveal empirically the relationship between job insecurity and employability. The population of the study was determined as employees of four and five star accommodation enterprises in Nevşehir and data was collected from a total of 361 employees by convenience sampling method. In order to examine the research hypotheses which were developed in accordance with the theoretical framework of the study, One-way ANOVA test and linear regression analysis were used. Findings obtained as a result of the research show that employees' perceptions of job insecurity and employability vary according to age, education level and length of working. Furthermore, it was determined that employability has a significant, negative effect on job insecurity perception and employees with a high level of employability perception perceive less job insecurity than employees with low employability perception.

PDF

___

AĞAOĞLU, O. K. (1992). “İşgücünü verimli kullanma tekniklerinin turizm sektörüne uygulanması”. Verimlilik Dergisi, 110-121.
AĞER, İ. (2006). Türk çalışma yaşamında iş güvencesi. Ankara: Adalet Yayınları. AKYİĞİT, E. (2013). İş hukuku, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
AKTUĞ, S.S. (2009). “İş güvencesinin sosyal, ekonomik ve hukuki temelleri ve Türkiye değerlendirmesi”. Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir.
ALTUNIŞIK, R., COŞKUN, R., BAYRAKTAROĞLU, S., ve YILDIRIM E. (2012). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. İstanbul: Sakarya.
ARNOLD, A., ve STAFFELBACH, B. (2012). “Perceived post-restructuring job insecurity: The impact of employees' trust in one's employer and perceived employability”. German Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(4), 307-330.
AYBAS, M., ELMAS, S., ve DÜNDAR, G. (2015). “Job insecurity and burnout: The moderating role of employability”. European Journal of Business and Management, 7(9), 195-203.
BARUCH, Y. (2001). “Employability: A substitute for loyalty?” Human Resource Development International, 4(4), 543-566.
BAYIK, M., ve GÜRBÜZ, S. (2016). “Ölçek uyarlamada metodoloji sorunu: Yönetim ve örgüt alanında uyarlanan ölçekler üzerinden bir araştırma”. İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 3(1), 1-20.
BECKER, G. S. (1993). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
BENDER, K. A., ve SLOANE, P. J. (1999). “Trade union membership, tenure and the level of job insecurity”. Applied Economics, 31(1), 123-135.
BERNSTRØM, V. H., DRANGE, I., ve MAMELUND, S. E. (2018). “Employability as an alternative to job security”. Personnel Review, 48(1), 234-248.
BERNTSON, E. (2008). “Employability perceptions: Nature, determinants, and implications for health and well-being”. Doktora Tezi, Stockholm University, Department of Psychology.
BERNTSON, E., BERNHARD-OETTEL, C., ve DE CUYPER, N. (2007). “The moderating role of employability in the relationship between organizational changes and job insecurity”. The XIIIth European Congress of Work, Stockholm, May 9-12.
BERNTSON, E., ve MARKLUND, S. (2007). “The relationship between perceived employability and subsequent health”. Work & Stress, 21(3), 279-292.
BERNTSON, E., NÄSWALL, K., ve SVERKE, M. (2008). “Investigating the relationship between employability and self-efficacy: A cross-lagged analysis”. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 4, 413−425.
BERNTSON, E., NÄSWALL, K., ve SVERKE, M. (2010). “The moderating role of employability in the association between job insecurity and exit, voice, loyalty and neglect”. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 31(2), 215-230.
BERNTSON, E., SVERKE, M., ve MARKLUND, S. (2006). “Predicting perceived employability: human capital or labour market opportunities?” Economic and Industrial Democracy, 27(2), 223-244.
BLACKMORE, C., ve KUNTZ, J. R. (2011). “Antecedents of job insecurity in restructuring organizations: An empirical investigation”. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 40(3), 7-18.
BRISLIN, R. W. (1970). “Back-translation for cross-cultural research”. Journal of CrossCultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216.
BROWN, P., HESKETH, A., ve WILIAMS, S. (2003). “Employability in a knowledgedriven economy”. Journal of Education and Work, 16(2), 107-126.
BYRNE, B.M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
CHEONG, W. M. (2009). “Employment characteristics and trends of tourism-related industries”. Macao Monetary Research Bulletin, 13, 67-89.
COOPER, C., FLETCHER, J., GILBERT, D., FYALL, A., ve WANHILL, S. (2005). Tourism: Principles and practice. UK: Pearson Education.
ÇOKLUK, Ö., ŞEKERCİOĞLU, G., ve BÜYÜKÖZTÜRK, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
DE CUYPER, N., BERNHARD‐OETTEL, C., BERNTSON, E., WITTE, H. D., ve ALARCO, B. (2008). “Employability and employees’ well‐being: Mediation by job ınsecurity”. Applied Psychology, 57(3), 488-509.
DE CUYPER, N. AND DE WITTE, H. (2010). “Temporary employment and perceived employability: mediation by impression management”. Journal of Career Development, 37(3), 1-18.
DE GRIP, A., ve VAN LOO, J. (2002). The economics of skills obsolescence: A review, De Grip, A., Van Loo, J. ve Mayhew, K. (Ed.) The Economics of skills obsolescence içinde (s. 1-26), Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
DEMİR, F. (1999). İş güvencesi. İzmir: Barış Yayınları.
DE WITTE, H. (1999). “Job insecurity and psychological well-being: Review of the literature and exploration of some unresolved issues”. European Journal of Work and Organizational psychology, 8(2), 155-177.
DE WITTE, H. (2000). Arbeidsethos en jobonzekerheid: Meting en gevolgen voor welzijn, tevredenheid en inzet op het werk. R. Bouwen, K. De Witte, H. De Witte ve T. Taillieu (Ed.). Van groep tot gemeenschap içinde (s. 325-350). Leuven: Garant.
DE WITTE, H. ve NÄSWALL, K. (2003). “Objective vs subjective job insecurity: Consequences of temporary work for job satisfaction and organizational commitment in four European countries”. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 24(2), 149-188.
DE WITTE, H., DE CUYPER, N., HANDAJA, Y., SVERKE, M., NÄSWALL, K., ve HELLGREN, J. (2010). “Associations between quantitative and qualitative job insecurity and well-being: A test in Belgian banks”. International Studies of Management & Organization, 40(1), 40-56.
ELST, V. T., DE WITTE, H., ve DE CUYPER, N. (2014). “The job insecurity scale: A psychometric evaluation across five European countries”. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(3), 364-380.
ERDUT, Z. (2004). “Liberal ekonomi politikaları ve sosyal politika”. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2, 11-37.
ERLINGHAGEN, M. (2008). “Self-perceived job insecurity and social context: A multi-level analysis of 17 European countries”. European Sociological Review, 24(2), 183-197.
FORRIER, A. ve SELS, L. (2003). “The concept employability: A complex mosaic”. International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management, 3(2), 102- 124.
FORRIER, A., SELS, L., ve STYNEN, D. (2009). “Career mobility at the intersection between agent and structure: A conceptual model”. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(4), 739-759.
FORRIER, A., VERBRUGGEN, M., ve DE CUYPER, N. (2015). “Integrating different notions of employability in a dynamic chain: The relationship between job transitions, movement capital and perceived employability”. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 89, 56-64.
FUGATE, M., KINICKI, A. J., ve ASHFORTH, B. E. (2004). “Employability: A psychosocial construct, its dimensions, and applications”. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 14-38.
GOULD, S. ve HAWKINS, B.L. (1978). “Organizational career stage as a moderator of the satisfaction performance relationship”. Academy of Management Journal, 21(3), 434- 450.
GREENHALG, L., ve ROSENBLATT, Z. (1984). “Job insecurity: Toward conceptual clarity”. Academy of Management Review, 9(3), 438-448.
GROOT, W., ve DE BRINK, H.M.V. (2000). “Education, training and employability”. Applied Economics, 32(5), 573-581.
GÜRBÜZ, S., ve ŞAHİN, F. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
GÜZEL, F. Ö. (2010). “Turizm öğrencilerinin staj döneminde edindikleri motivasyonun Herzberg teorisine göre değerlendirilmesine yönelik bir araştırma”. Journal of Yasar University, 20(5), 3415-3429.
HAINDL, G. (2002). “Tacit knowledge in the process of innovation”. Ekonomický Casopis, 50(1), 107-120.
HAIR, J. F., BLACK, W. C., BABIN, B. J., ve ANDERSON, R. E. (2013). Multivariate data analysis.(Seventh Edition). London: Pearson.
HARTLEY, J. (1991). Industrial relations and job insecurity: A social psychological framework. J. Hartley, D. Jacobson, B. Klandermans, ve T. Van Vuuren, (Ed.) Job insecurity: Coping with jobs at risk içinde. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
HARTLEY, J. (1999). Models of job insecurity and coping strategies of organizations. J. E. Ferrie, M.G. Marmot, J. Griffiths ve E. Ziglio (ed.) Labour market changes and job insecurity: A challenge for social welfare and health promotion içinde (s.127-151). Denmark: WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data.
HELLGREN, J., SVERKE, M., ve ISAKSSON, K. (1999). “A two-dimensional approach to job insecurity: Consequences for employee attitudes and well-being”. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(2), 179-195.
HILLAGE, J., ve POLLARD, E. (1998). Employability: developing a framework for policy analysis. London: DfEE.
JACOBSON, D., ve HARTLEY, J. (1991). Mapping the context. J. Hartley, D. Jacobson, B. Klandermans, ve T. Van Vuuren, (Ed.) Job insecurity: Coping with jobs at risk içinde. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
JOHNSON, N. B., BOBKO, P., ve HARTENIAN, L. S. (1992). “Union influence on local union leaders' perceptions of job insecurity: An empirical test”. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 30(1), 45-60.
JUDGE, T.A., ve BRETZ, R.D. (1994) “Political influence behavior and career success”. Journal of Management 20(1), 43-65.
JUHDI, N., PA’WAN, F., OTHMAN, N. A., ve MOKSIN, H. (2010). “Factors influencing internal and external employability of employees”. Business and Economics Journal, 11, 1-10.
KAR, B. (2005). “İş güvencesi kavramı”. Legal İş Hukuku ve Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku Dergisi 2(6), 560.
KARACAOĞLU, K. (2015). “Çalışanların iş güvencesizliğinin işten ayrılma niyetleri üzerindeki etkisi: Alanya bölgesindeki beş yıldızlı otellerde bir araştırma”. Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 13-21.
KAUR, K., ve SANDHU, H. S. (2010). “Career stage effect on organizational commitment: Empirical evidence from Indian banking industry”. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(12), 141.
KAYRİ, M. (2009). “Araştırmalarda gruplar arası farkın belirlenmesine yönelik çoklu karşılaştırma (post-hoc) teknikleri”. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(1), 51-64.
KEIM, A. C., LANDIS, R. S., PIERCE, C. A., ve EARNEST, D. R. (2014). “Why do employees worry about their jobs? A meta-analytic review of predictors of job insecurity”. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(3), 269.
KIM, Y. G., KIM, S., ve YOO, J. L. (2012). “Travel agency employees' career commitment and turnover intention during the recent global economic crisis”. The Service Industries Journal, 32(8), 1247-1264.
KLANDERMANS, B., ve VAN VUUREN, T. (1999). “Job insecurity: Introduction”. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(2), 145-153.
KLINE, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (Third edition). New York: The Guilford.
KORAY, M., ve TOPÇUOĞLU, A. (1995). Sosyal politika. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi Yayınları.
LAZARUS, R. S., ve FOLKMAN, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
LEKA, S., COX, T., ve ZWETSLOOD, G. (2008). The European framework for psychological risk management: PRIMA-EF. UK: I-WHO Publications.
MALHOTRA N. K., ve DASH, S. (2011). Marketing research: An applied orientation. London: Pearson.
MARDIA, K. V. (1970). “Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications”. Biometrika, 57(3), 519-530.
MCKENZIE, P., ve WURZBURG, G. (1997). “Lifelong learning and employability. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development”. The OECD Observer, 209, 13-17.
MCLEISH, A. (2002). Employability skills for Australian small and medium sized enterprises: Report of the interviews and focus groups with small and medium enterprises. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: DEST.
MCQUAID, R. ve LINDSAY, C. (2005). “The concept of employability”. Urban Studies, 42 (2), 197-219.
MILLER, R. G. (1969). Simultaneous statistical inference. New York: McGraw-Hill.
MOHR, G. B. (2000). T”he changing significance of different stressors after the announcement of bankruptcy: A longitudinal investigation with special emphasis on job insecurity”. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(3), 337-359.
NÄSWALL, K., ve DE WITTE, H. (2003). “Who feels insecure in Europe? Predicting job insecurity from background variables.” Economic and Industrial Democracy, 24(2), 189-215.
ÖZERKMEN, N. (2004). “Uluslararası eşitsizliği derinleştiren bir süreç olarak ekonomik küreselleşme”. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi 44 (1), 135-148.
ÖZKOÇ, A. G. (2017). “Otel işletmelerinde iş güvencesizliğinin yordayıcısı olarak örgütsel değişim algısı: lider-üye etkileşiminin aracı rolü”. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(43), 298-314.
ÖZKOÇ, A. G., ve ÇALIŞKAN, N. (2016). Job insecurity from a multi-faceted perspective of the tourism sector. C. Avcıkurt, M.S. Dinu, N. Hacıoğlu, R. Efe, A. Soykan ve N. Tetik (Ed.). Global issues and trends in tourism içinde (s.87-102). Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press.
ÖZKOÇ, A. G. ve ÇALIŞKAN, N. (2020). The changing nature of psychological contract in the tourism industry: Importance of employability. Ş. Aydın, B. B. Dedeoğlu, Ö. Çoban (Ed.). Organizational behavior challenges in the tourism industry içinde (s. 168-187). Hershey PA, USA: IGI Global.
PROBST, T. M. (1998). “Antecedents and consequences of job insecurity: Development and test of an integrated model”. Doktora tezi, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana.
RAYKOV, T. (1997). “Estimation of composite reliability for congeneric measures”. Applied Psychological Measurement, 21(2), 173-184.
ROSKIES, E., LOUİS‐GUERIN, C., ve FOURNIER, C. (1993). “Coping with job insecurity: How does personality make a difference?”. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(7), 617-630.
ROTHWELL, A., ve ARNOLD, J. (2007). “Self-perceived employability: Development and validation of a scale”. Personnel Review, 36(1), 23-41.
SEÇER, B. (2007). “Kariyer sermayesi ve istihdam edilebilirliğin iş güvencesizliği üzerindeki etkisi”. Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
SEÇER, B. (2011). “İş güvencesizliğinin içsel işten ayrılma ve yaşam doyumuna etkisi”. İş Güç Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 13(4), 43-60.
SILLA, I., DE CUYPER, N., GRACIA, F. J., PEIRÓ, J. M., ve DE WITTE, H. (2009). “Job insecurity and well-being: Moderation by employability”. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(6), 739-751.
SORA, B., CABALLER, A., ve PEIRO, J. M. (2010). “The consequences of job insecurity for employees: The moderator role of job dependence”. International Labour Review, 149(1), 59-72.
SVERKE, M., ve HELLGREN, J. (2002). T”he nature of job insecurity: Understanding employment uncertainty on the brink of a new millennium”. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51(1), 23-42.
SVERKE, M., HELLGREN, J., ve NÄSWALL, K. (2002). “No security: A meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences”. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(3), 242-264.
SVERKE, M., HELLGREN, J., ve NÄSWALL, K. (2006). Job insecurity: A literature review. Sweden: SALTSA.
TABACHNICK, B.G., ve FIDELL L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statics. USA: Pearson.
TEMİZ, H. E. (2004). “Eğreti istihdam: İşgücü piyasasında güvencesizliğin ve istikrarsızlığın yeni yapılanması”. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2(2), 55-80.
TOZLU, E. (2001). “Genel olarak esnek çalışma sistemleri ve tele çalışma ve sıkıştırılmış iş haftasının karşılaştırılması”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 3(4), 99-.116.
UÇKAN, B.(1998). “Küreselleşme ve devletin iş piyasasındaki rolü”. Çimento İşveren Dergisi, 12 (2).
UYANIK, Y. (2008). “Neoliberal küreselleşme sürecinde işgücü piyasaları”. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 10(2), 209-224.
VANHERCKE, D., DE CUYPER, N., PEETERS, E., ve DE WITTE, H. (2014). “Defining perceived employability: A psychological approach”. Personnel Review, 43(4), 592- 605.
VAN DER HEIJDEN B. (2002), “Prerequisites to guarantee life‐long employability”. Personnel Review, 31(1), 44-6.
VAN DER HEIJDE, C. M., ve VAN DER HEIJDEN, B. I. (2005). The development and psychometric evaluation of a multi-dimensional measurement instrument of employability and the impact of aging. International Congress Series 1280, 142-147.
VAN VUUREN T., KLANDERMANS, B., JACOBSON, D., ve HARTLEY, J. (1991). Predicting employees’ perceptions of job insecurity. J. Hartley, D. Jacobson, B. Klandermans, T. Van Vuuren (ed.). Job insecurity: Coping with jobs at risk içinde (s.65-78). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
VUJIČIĆ, D., JOVIČIĆ, A., LALIĆ, D., GAGIĆ, S., ve CVEJANOV, A. (2015). The relation between job insecurity, job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees in the tourism sector in Novi Sad. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 36(4), 633-652.
WILSON, G., EITLE, M. T., ve BISHIN, B. (2006). “The determinants of racial disparities in perceived job insecurity: A test of three perspectives”. Sociological Inquiry, 76(2), 210-230.
WITTEKIND, A., RAEDER, S., ve GROTE, G. (2010). “A longitudinal study of determinants of perceived employability”. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(4), 566-586.
WORTH, S. (2002). “Education and employability: School leavers' attitudes to the prospect of non-standard work”. Journal of Education and Work, 15(2), 163-180.
YANARDAĞ, M.Ö., ve AVCI, M. (2012). “Turizm sektöründe istihdam sorunları: Marmaris, Fethiye, Bodrum ilçeleri üzerine ampirik bir inceleme”. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(2), 39-62.
ZEYTİNOGLU, I. U., KESER, A., YILMAZ, G., INELMEN, K., ÖZSOY, A., ve UYGUR, D. (2012). “Security in a sea of insecurity: job security and intention to stay among service sector employees in Turkey”. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(13), 2809-2823.