Sporcularda Bilinçli Farkındalık ve Zihnin İstemli-İstemsiz Gezinme Durumlarının Akış Deneyimine Etkisi

Sporcuların, mevcut anda kalmaları performansları açısından çok önemlidir. Doğru planlanmış bilinçli farkındalık uygulamaları sayesinde katılımcılar dikkat dağıtıcı unsurlardan uzaklaşıp ve şimdiki anın farkında olabilir. Şimdiki anın farkında olmak da zihin dağınıklığını ortadan kaldırabilir. Zihin dağınıklığına yol açan en büyük sebeplerden bir tanesi de zihin gezinmesidir. Gezinen bir zihin, odağı mevcut andan alıp geçmişteki anılara veya gelecekteki hayallere götürebilir. Bu durumun ortaya çıkmasıyla da akış deneyimi kaybolabilir. Bu çalışmada bilinçli farkındalık düzeyinin, akış deneyimiyle ilişkisini ortaya koymak ve zihin gezinmesinin bu ilişkide bir aracı rolünün olup olmadığını belirlemek amacıyla yapıldı. Çalışma, spor bilimleri alanında üniversite eğitimine devam eden bir grup lisanslı sporcu üzerine yapılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilenler sonucunda, bilinçli farkındalık ile akış deneyimi arasında pozitif yönlü bir ilişki ortaya çıkmıştır. Bilinçli farkındalık ve akış deneyimi arasında istemli zihin gezinmesinin aracı rol oynadığı tespit edilmiş, ancak istemsiz zihin gezinmesinin herhangi bir aracılık rolünün olmadığı görülmüştür. İstemli zihin gezinmesi bilinçli farkındalık ile akış deneyimi arasındaki pozitif etkiyi büyük oranda düşürmektedir. Ayrıca bilinçli farkındalık ile istemli zihin gezinmesi ve istemsiz zihin gezinmesi arasında negatif yönlü bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Bilinçli farkındalık arttıkça zihin gezinmesi azalmaktadır. Akış deneyiminde, istemsiz zihin gezinmesinin herhangi bir etkisi yokken, istemli zihin gezinmesinin ise manidar düzeyde azaltıcı bir etkisi vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Bilinçli Farkındalık, zihin gezinmesi, akış deneyimi, sporcu

The Effect Of Athletes' Mindfulness And Deliberate Spontaneous Mind Wandering States On Flow Experience

It is very important for the performance of the athletes to stay in the present moment. Participants can get away from distractions and be aware of the present moment by well- planned mindfulness practices. Being aware of the present moment can also remove mind clutter. One of the biggest causes of mind clutter is mind wandering. A wandering mind can take focus from the present moment to past memories or future dreams. With the emergence of this situation, the flow experience can be lost. This study was conducted to reveal the relationship between mindfulness level and flow experience and to determine whether mind wandering has a mediating role in this relationship. The study was conducted by a group of licensed athletes who attend to university education in the field of sports sciences. As a result of the data obtained from the study, a positive relationship emerged between mindfulness and flow experience. It was determined that deliberate mind wandering played a mediating role between conscious awareness and flow experience, but it was seen that spontaneous mind wandering did not have any mediating role. deliberate mind wandering greatly reduces the positive effect between mindfulness and flow experience. In addition, a negative relationship was found between mindfulness and deliberate mind wandering and spontaneous mind wandering. As conscious awareness increases, mind wandering decreases. In the flow experience, spontaneous mind wandering has no effect, while delibarete mind wandering has a significant reducing effect.

Keywords:

Mindfulness, mind wandering, flow experiences, athlete,

PDF

___

Ada, E. N., Çetinkalp, Z. K., Altiparmak, M. E., ve Aşci, F. H. (2018). Flow experiences in physical education classes: the role of perceived motivational climate and situational motivation. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 4(2), 114-120.
Aksoy, H. F. ve Aşcı, F. H. (2021). Sporcularda optimal performans duygu durumu: ruminatif düşünce ve akıldışı inançların rolü üzerine bir çalışma. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 32(2), 53-63.
Assem, V. D., Dulewicz, V., ve Passmore, J. (2022). The impact of mindfulness meditation training and practice on post-graduate coaching students. International coaching psychology rewiew, 17(1), 5-20. doi:10.53841/bpsicpr.2022.17.1.5.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., ve Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. doi:10.1177/ 1073191105283504
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., ve Williams, J. M. G. (2008). Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329-342.
Bakker, A. B. (2008). The work-related flow inventory: Construction and initial validation of the Wolf. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 400-414.
Baltzell, A. L., ve McCarthy, J. M. (2016). Langerian mindfulness and optimal sport performance. Critical Mindfulness: Exploring Langerian Models, 159-171.
Bennike, I. H., Weighorst, A., ve Kirk, U. (2017). Online-based mindfulness training reduce mind wandering. J Cognitive Enhancement, 1(2), 172-181.
Birrer, D., Röthlin, P., ve Morgan, G. (2012). Mindfulness to enhance athletic performance: Theoretical considerations and possible impact mechanisms. Mindfulness, 3(3), 235-246.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., ve Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 11(3), 230.
Borders, A., Earleywine, M., ve Jajodia, A. (2010). Could mindfulness decrease anger, hostility, and aggression by decreasing rumination?. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 36(1), 28-44.
Brown, K. W., ve Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822.
Carriere, J. S. A., Seli, P., ve Smilek, D. (2013). Wandering in both mind and body: Individual differences in mind wandering and inattention predict fidgeting. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Expérimentale, 67(1), 19–31. doi: 10.1037/a0031438.
Chattoraj, T., ve Srivastava, A. (2022). The role of mindfulness in cognitive emotional regulation and thought suppression. Indian journal of positive psychology, 13(4), 386-393.
Chen, H., Wigand, R. T., ve Nilan, M. (2000). Exploring web users’ optimal flow experiences. Information Technology And People, 13 (4): 263-281.
Chiorri, C., Soraci, P., ve Ferrari, A. (2023). The Role of Mindfulness, Mind Wandering, Attentional Control, and Maladaptive Personality Traits in Problematic Gaming Behavior. Mindfulness, 1-23.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety: The experience of play in work and leisure. San Fr CA: Jossey-Bass.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(1), 93-94. Deng, Y. Q., Li, S., ve Tang, Y. Y. (2014). The relationship between wandering mind, depression and mindfulness. Mindfulness, 5, 124-128.
Erisman, S. M., ve Roemer, L. (2010). A preliminary investigation of the effects of experimentally induced mindfulness on emotional responding to film clips. Emotion, 10(1), 72.
Fredrickson, B. (2010). Positivity: Groundbreaking research to release your inner optimist and thrive. Simon and Schuster.
Gürbüz, S., ve Şahin, F. (2014). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Gürbüz, S., ve Şahin, F. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
H Bennike, I., Wieghorst, A., ve Kirk, U. (2022). Online-based Mindfulness Training Reduces BehavioralMarkers of Mind Wandering. In Key Topics in Technology and Behavior (pp. 31-40). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
İlhan, M., ve Çetin, B. (2014). Comparison of results related to structural equality model (sem) analyses performed using LISREL and AMOS programs. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 5(2), 26-42.
Josefsson, T., Ivarsson, A., Lindwall, M., Gustafsson, H., Stenling, A., Böröy, J., ... ve Falkevik, E. (2017). Mindfulness mechanisms in sports: Mediating effects of rumination and emotion regulation on sport-specific coping. Mindfulness, 8, 1354-1363.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General hospital psychiatry, 4(1), 33-47.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 8(2), 73.
Killingsworth, M. A., ve Gilbert, D. T. (2010). A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. Science, 330(6006), 932-932.
Kirk, U., Wieghorst, A., Nielsen, C. M., ve Staiano, W. (2019). On-the-spot binaural beats and mindfulness reduces behavioral markers of mind wandering. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 3, 186-192.
Klinger, E., ve Cox, W. M. (1987). Dimensions of thought flow in everyday life. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 7(2), 105-128.
Krägeloh, C. U., Henning, M. A., Medvedev, O. N., Feng, X. J., Moir, F., Billington, R., ve Siegert, R. J. (2019). Mindfulness-based intervention research: Characteristics, approaches, and developments. Routledge.
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., ve Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological methods, 1(2), 130.
Mankin, B., Gürkan, G. Ç., ve Çetin, O. (2019). The effect of emotional labor and introspective motivation on employee creativity: a study in the banking sector. Journal of Management of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 8(2), 126-156.
McMillan, R. L., Kaufman, S. B., ve Singer, J. L. (2013). Ode to positive constructive daydreaming. Frontiers in psychology, 4, 626.
Meydan, C. M., ve Şeşen, H. (2015). Structural equality modeling AMOS applications. Detail Publishing.
Morgan, J. R., Price, M., Schmertz, S. K., Johnson, S. B., Masuda, A., Calamaras, M., ve Anderson, P. L. (2014). Cognitive processes as mediators of the relation between mindfulness and change in social anxiety symptoms following cognitive behavioral treatment. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 27(3), 288-302.
Mustafa, M., ve Gulati, S. (2022). Influence of age gender on mindfulness attention awareness and perceived stress. Indian journal of positive psychology, 13(4), 377-381.
Nakamura, J., ve Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2005). ‘The Concept of Flow’. Handbook of positive psychology. Snyder, C.R. ve Lopez, S.J. (Der). Oxford: Oxford University Press.89-105.
Nakamura, J., ve Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2002). The concept of flow. Handbook of positive psychology, 89, 105.
Ovington, L. A., Saliba, A. J., ve Goldring, J. (2018). Dispositions toward flow and mindfulness predict dispositional insight. Mindfulness, 9, 585-596.
Özyeşil, Z., Arslan, C., Kesici, Ş., ve Deniz, M. E. (2011). Bilinçli farkındalık ölçeğini Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(160).
Robison, M. K., ve Unsworth, N. (2018). Cognitive and contextual correlates of spontaneous and deliberate mind-wandering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 44(1), 85.
Schermelleh, K., Moosbrugger, H., ve Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: tests of significance and descriptive goodness-offit measures. MPR-Online, 8, 23-74.
Seli, P., Risko, E. F., Smilek, D., ve Schacter, D. L. (2016). Mind-wandering with and without intention. Trends in cognitive sciences, 20(8), 605-617.
Sezgin, S., ve Yüksel, G. (2020). Zihin gezinmesi ölçeklerinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Bir geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(1), 456-482.
Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., ve Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of clinical psychology, 62(3), 373-386.
Simon, D., Kriston, L., Loh, A., Spies, C., Scheibler, F., Wills, C., ve Harter, M. (2010), Confirmatory factor analysis and recommendations for improvement of the autonomy‐preference‐index (API). Health Expectations, 13(3), 234-243.
Sinnott, J., Hilton, S., Wood, M., ve Douglas, D. (2020). Relating flow, mindfulness, cognitive flexibility, and postformal thought: Two studies. Journal of Adult Development, 27, 1-11.
Smallwood, J. (2013). Distinguishing how from why the mind wanders: a process–occurrence framework for self-generated mental activity. Psychological bulletin, 139(3), 519.
Smallwood, J., ve Schooler, J. W. (2006). The restless mind. Psychological bulletin, 132(6), 946.
Stawarczyk, D., Majerus, S., Maj, M., Van der Linden, M., ve D'Argembeau, A. (2011). Mind-wandering: Phenomenology and function as assessed with a novel experience sampling method. Acta psychologica, 136(3), 370-381.
Şahin, F., ve Gürbüz, S. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemi (3rd ed.). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Tabachnick, B.G., ve Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (sixth ed.). Boston.
Turan, N. (2019). Akış deneyimi üzerine genel bir literatür taraması. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (37), 181-199.
Turkelson, L., ve Mano, Q. (2022). The current state of mind: A systematic review of the relationship between mindfulness and mind-wandering. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 6(2), 272-294.
Weger, U., Wagemann, J., ve Meyer, A. (2018). Researching mind wandering from a first‐person perspective. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 32(3), 298-306.
Welz, A., Reinhard, I., Alpers, G. W., ve Kuehner, C. (2018). Happy thoughts: Mind wandering affects mood in daily life. Mindfulness, 9(1), 332-343.
Yaşin, T. (2016). Kişilik özellikleri ve psikolojik sermayenin psikolojik iyi oluş, akış deneyimi, iş tatmini ve çalışan performansına etkileri. Doktora Tezi, Başkent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
Yazıcı, Ö. F., ve Mergan, B. (2022). The Predictive Role Of Cognitive Flexibility And Cognitive Control On Aggression and Anger İn Sports. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(3), 522-536.
Zeidan, F., Johnson, S. K., Diamond, B. J., David, Z., ve Goolkasian, P. (2010). Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: Evidence of brief mental training. Consciousness and cognition, 19(2), 597-605.