Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Fiziksel Aktivite Düzeyleri ile Fiziksel Aktiviteye Yönelik Motivasyonları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Fiziksel hareketsizlik tüm yaş gruplarındaki insanların genel sağlığını olumsuz etkileyen küresel bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. Bu nedenle, Fiziksel aktivitenin ilişkili olduğu faktörlerin ortaya konulması önem taşımaktadır. Bu bağlamda araştırmanın amacı, Türk ortaokul öğrencilerinin FA düzeyleri ile FA’ya yönelik motivasyonları arasında olası ilişkiyi belirlemek ve cinsiyet, yaş değişkeni açısından farklılaşma durumunu incelemektir. Araştırmada ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya 546 kız, 538 erkek olmak üzere 1084 ortaokul öğrencisi (x̄ yaş=12.23 + .981) katılmıştır. Veriler ‘Kişisel Bilgi Formu’, ‘Çocuk Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi’ ve ‘Çocuklar için Benlik Motivasyonu Envanteri’ kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde t testi, tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve pearson korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları, cinsiyet açısından katılımcıların FA ve FA’ya yönelik motivasyon puanlarında önemli farklılık olduğu (p <.05) ve erkeklerin okul içi FA, okul dışı FA ve genel FA puanı ile FA’ya yönelik motivasyon puanının daha yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Katılımcıların yaşları açısından FA ve FA’ya yönelik motivasyon düzeyinde farklılıklar olduğunu ortaya koymuştur (p <.05). Ayrıca, FA’ya yönelik motivasyon puanı ile genel FA ve okul dışı FA puanı arasında orta düzeyde; okul içi FA arasında ise düşük düzeyde pozitif bir ilişki olduğu bulunmuştur (p <.05). Araştırma sonuçları, erkek katılımcıların FA ve FA’ya yönelik motivasyon düzeyinin daha yüksek olduğunu; yaş arttıkça FA düzeyi ve motivasyonun azaldığını ve FA düzeyi yükseldikçe FA’ya yönelik motivasyonunda da arttığını göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, çocuk ve ergenlerde motivasyonun FA’nın önemli bir belirleyicisi olduğu söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Fiziksel Aktivite, Motivasyon, Sağlık, Ergen

Investigation of the Relationship Between Physical Activity Levels and Motivation for Physical Activity of Secondary School Students

Physical inactivity is a global public health problem that negatively affects the general health of people of all age groups. Therefore, it is important to reveal the factors associated with physical activity (PA). In this context, the aim of the research is to determine the possible relationship between Turkish secondary school students' FA levels and their motivation for FA and to examine the differentiation in terms of gender and age variable. Relational screening model was used in the study. 1084 secondary school students (x̄age=12.23 + .981), 546 girls and 538 boys, participated in the research. Data were collected using the 'Personal Information Form', the 'Child Physical Activity Questionnaire' and the 'Self Motivation Inventory for Children'. T-test, one- way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation analysis were used in the analysis of the data. The research findings show that there is a significant difference in the motivation scores of the participants for PA and PA in terms of gender (p <.05), and the boys' in-school PA, out- of-school PA and general PA scores and their motivation scores for PA are higher. It revealed that there were differences in the level of motivation for PA and PA in terms of the age of the participants (p <.05). In addition, there is a moderate level between the motivation score for PA and the general PA and out-of-school PA score; It was found that there was a low level of positive correlation between in-school PA (p <.05). The results of the research show that male participants have a higher level of motivation towards PA and PA; PA level and motivation decrease as age increases, and as the FA level of the participants increases, their motivation towards PA also increases. As a result, it can be said that motivation is an important determinant of PA in children and adolescents.

Keywords:

Physical Activity, Motivation, Health, Adolescent,

PDF

___

Allison, K. R., Adlaf, E. M., Dwyer, J. J., Lysy, D. C., ve Irving, H. M. (2007). The decline in physical activity among adolescent students. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 98(2), 97-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03404317
Anderssen, N., ve Wold, B. (1992). Parental and peer influences on leisure-time physical activity in young adolescents. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 63(4), 341-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1992.10608754
Anderssen, N., Wold, B., ve Torsheim, T. (2005). Tracking of physical activity in adolescence. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 76(2), 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2005.10599274
Armstrong, S., Wong, C. A., Perrin, E., Page, S., Sibley, L., ve Skinner, A. (2018). Association of physical activity with income, race/ethnicity, and sex among adolescents and young adults in the United States: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2016. Jama Pediatrics, 172(8), 732-740. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1273
Bauman, A., Reis, R. S., Sallis, J. F., Wells, J. C., Loos, R. J. F., Martin, B. W., ve Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group (2012). Correlates of physical activity: Why are some people physically active and others not? Lancet, 380, 258–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60735-1
Bista, S., Debache, I., ve Chaix, B. (2020). Physical activity and sedentary behaviour related to transport activity assessed with multiple body-worn accelerometers: the RECORD multiSensor study. Public Health, 189, 144-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.10.009
Blatchford, P., Baines, E., ve Pellegrini, A. (2003). The social context of school playground games: Sex and ethnic differences, and changes over time after entry to junior school. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21(4), 481-505. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151003322535183
Çifçi, F. (2022). The Effect of exercise log on health-related physical fitness parameters of secondary school students. International Journal of Eurasian Education and Culture, 7(16), 269-300. http://dx.doi.org/10.35826/ijoecc.555
Cooper, A. R., Goodman, A., Page, A. S., Sherar, L. B., Esliger, D. W., van Sluijs, E. M., ... Ekelund, U. (2015). Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: The International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD). International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12(1), 1-10.
Defever, E., Mwaanga, O., Lee, B., ve Jones, M. (2020). Evaluation of practice to promote physical activity in schools in a unitary authority in England. Public Health, 182, 155-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.02.014
Demir, A., ve Çifçi, F. (2020). Covıd-19 pandemi sürecinde egzersizin lise öğrencilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerine etkisinin incelenmesi. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(3), 169-179. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.739918
Digelidis, N., ve Papaioannou, A. (1999). Age‐group differences in intrinsic motivation, goal orientations and perceptions of athletic competence, physical appearance and motivational climate in Greek physical education. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 9(6), 375-380. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600- 0838.1999.tb00259.x
Ding, D., Lawson, K. D., Kolbe-Alexander, T. L., Finkelstein, E. A., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Van Mechelen, W., ve Pratt, M. (2016). The economic burden of physical inactivity: a global analysis of major non-communicable diseases. The Lancet, 388(10051), 1311-1324.
Dishman, R. K., Ickes, W., ve Morgan, W. P. (1980). Self-motivation and adherence to habitual physical activity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10(2), 115-132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1980.tb00697.x
Dishman, R. K., McIver, K. L., Dowda, M., ve Pate, R. R. (2018). Declining physical activity and motivation from middle school to high school. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 50(6), 1206-1215. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001542
Downs, A., ve Ashton, J. (2011). Vigorous physical activity, sports participation, and athletic identity: implications for mental and physical health in college students. Journal of Sport Behavior, 34(3), 228-249.
Dumith, S. C., Gigante, D. P., Domingues, M. R., ve Kohl III, H. W. (2011). Physical activity change during adolescence: A systematic review and a pooled analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology, 40(3), 685-698. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyq272
Duncan, L. R., Hall, C. R., Wilson, P. M., ve Jenny, O. (2010) Exercise motivation: a cross-sectional analysis examining its relationships with frequency, intensity, and duration of exercise. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 7, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-7
Duncan, S. C., Duncan, T. E., Strycker, L. A., ve Chaumeton, N. R. (2007). A cohort-sequential latent growth model of physical activity from ages 12 to 17 years. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33(1), 80-89. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm3301_9
Egli, T., Bland, H. W., Melton, B. F., ve Czech, D. R. (2011). Influence of age, sex, and race on college students’ exercise motivation of physical activity. Journal of American College Health, 59(5), 399-406. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2010.513074
Erdim, L., Ergün, A., ve Kuğuoğlu, S. (2019). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the physical activity questionnaire for older children (PAQ-C). Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 49(1), 162-169. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1806-212
Fainardi, V., Fasola, S., Mastrorilli, C., Volta, E., La Grutta, S., ve Vanelli, M. (2020). A two-week summer program promoting physical activity: Quality of life assessment in italian children. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 26(4), 444-456. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1761552
Fan, X., ve Cao, Z. B. (2017). Physical activity among Chinese school-aged children: National prevalence estimates from the 2016 physical activity and fitness in China—The youth study. Journal of sport and health science, 6(4), 388-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2017.09.006
González-Cutre, D., Sierra, A. C., Beltrán-Carrillo, V. J., Peláez-Pérez, M., ve Cervelló, E. (2018). A school-based motivational intervention to promote physical activity from a self-determination theory perspective. The Journal of Educational Research, 111(3), 320-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2016.1255871
Guinhouya, B. C., Samouda, H., ve De Beaufort, C. (2013). Level of physical activity among children and adolescents in Europe: a review of physical activity assessed objectively by accelerometry. Public Health, 127(4), 301-311.
Gülü, M., ve Yapıcı, H. (2022). Adölesanların fiziksel aktivite motive edicilerine ilişkin bakış açıları: Kesitsel bir çalışma. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2), 388-396. https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.1119505
Haas, P., Yang, C. H., ve Dunton, G. F. (2021). Associations between physical activity enjoyment and age-related decline in physical activity in children—results from a longitudinal within-person study. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 43(3), 205-214. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2020-0156
Hagger, M. S., ve Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2007). The trans-contextual model of motivation. In M. S. Hagger ve N. L. D. Chatzisarantis (Eds.), Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport (p. 53–70, 309–313). Human Kinetics.
Hallal, P. C., Andersen, L. B., Bull, F. C., Guthold, R., Haskell, W., Ekelund, U., ve Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. (2012). Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. The Lancet, 380 (9838), 247-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60646-1
Harding, S. K., Page, A. S., Falconer, C., ve Cooper, A. R. (2015). Longitudinal changes in sedentary time and physical activity during adolescence. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12(1), 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0204-6
Hollis, J. L., Sutherland, L., Williams, A. J., Campbell, E., Nathan, N., Wolfenden, L., ... Wiggers, J. (2017). A systematic review and meta-analysis of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels in secondary school physical education lessons. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 2-26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0504-0
Hoos, M. B., Gerver, W. J. M., Kester, A. D., ve Westerterp, K. R. (2003). Physical activity levels in children and adolescents. International Journal of Obesity, 27(5), 605-609.
Jaakkola, T., Liukkonen, J., Laakso, T., ve Ommundsen, Y. (2008). The relationship between situational and contextual self-determined motivation and physical activity intensity as measured by heart rates during ninth grade students' physical education classes. European Physical Education Review, 14(1), 13-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X07085
Karasar, N. (2015). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Nobel Yayınevi.
Knittle, K., Nurmi, J., Crutzen, R., Hankonen, N., Beattie, M., ve Dombrowski, S. U. (2018). How can interventions increase motivation for physical activity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 12(3), 211-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2018.1435299
Koivula, N. (1995) Ratings of gender appropriateness of sports participation: Effects of gender-based schematic processing. Sex Roles 33, 543–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01544679
Korkmaz, N., Öztürk, İ. E., Rodoplu, C., ve Uğur, S. (2020). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin covid-19 salgını sürecinde fiziksel aktivite düzeylerindeki değişikliklerin incelenmesi (Bursa ili örneği). Atatürk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(4), 101-115.
Lauderdale, M. E., Yli-Piipari, S., Irwin, C. C., ve Layne, T. E. (2015). Gender differences regarding motivation for physical activity among college students: A self-determination approach. The Physical Educator, 72(5), 153-172. https://doi.org/10.18666/TPE-2015-V72-I5-4682
Lopes, V. P., Vasques, C., Maia, J. A., ve Ferreira, J. C. V. (2007). Habitual physical activity levels in childhood and adolescence assessed with accelerometry. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 217-222.
Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. (2018a). Beden eğitimi ve oyun dersi öğretim programı (İlkokul 1, 2, 3 ve 4. sınıflar). Devlet Kitapları Müdürlüğü.
Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. (2018b). Beden eğitimi ve spor dersi öğretim programı (Ortaokul 5, 6, 7 ve 8. sınıflar). Devlet Kitapları Müdürlüğü.
Molanorouzi, K., Khoo, S., ve Morris, T. (2015). Motives for adult participation in physical activity: Type of activity, age, and gender. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1-12.
Mutlu Bozkurt, T., ve Tamer, K. (2020). Fiziksel aktiviteye katılım motivasyonu düzeyi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(3), 286-298. https://doi.org/10.31680/gaunjss.759018
Nader, P. R., Bradley, R. H., Houts, R. M., McRitchie, S. L., ve O’Brien, M. (2008). Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from ages 9 to 15 years. JAMA, 300(3), 295-305. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.3.295
Nelson, M. C., Neumark-Stzainer, D., Hannan, P. J., Sirard, J. R., ve Story, M. (2006). Longitudinal and secular trends in physical activity and sedentary behavior during adolescence. Pediatrics, 118(6), 1627-1634.
Nogg, K. A., Vaughn, A. A., Levy, S. S., ve Blashill, A. J. (2021). Motivation for physical activity among US Adolescents: a self-determination theory perspective. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 55(2), 133-143. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaaa037
Ntoumanis, N., Barkoukis, V., ve Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2009). Developmental trajectories of motivation in physical education: Course, demographic differences, and antecedents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(3), 717–728. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014696
Owen, K. B., Smith, J., Lubans, D. R., Ng, J. Y., ve Lonsdale, C. (2014). Self-determined motivation and physical activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine, 67, 270-279.
Portela-Pino, I., López-Castedo, A., Martínez-Patiño, M. J., Valverde-Esteve, T., ve Domínguez-Alonso, J. (2020). Gender differences in motivation and barriers for the practice of physical exercise in adolescence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010168
Reiner, M., Niermann, C., Jekauc, D., ve Woll, A. (2013). Long-term health benefits of physical activity–a systematic review of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-8137
Rhodes, R. E., Janssen, I., Bredin, S. S., Warburton, D. E., ve Bauman, A. (2017) Physical activity: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychology & Health 32(8), 942–975. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2017.1325486
Robinson, L. E., Stodden, D. F., Barnett, L. M., Lopes, V. P., Logan, S. W., Rodrigues, L. P., ve D’Hondt, E. (2015). Motor competence and its effect on positive developmental trajectories of health. Sports Medicine, 45(9), 1273-1284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0351-6
Ryan, R. M., ve Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2013). Türkiye sağlıklı beslenme ve hareketli hayat programı (2014-2017). Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu.
Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2014). Türkiye fiziksel aktivite rehberi. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu.
Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2019). Sağlıklı yaşam ve hareketlilik programı: Yetişkin ve çocukluk çağı obezitesinin önlenmesi ve fiziksel aktivite 2019-2023 eylem planı. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu.
Sallis, J. F. (1993). Epidemiology of physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 33(4-5), 403-408.
Sallis, J. F. (2000). Age-related decline in physical activity: a synthesis of human and animal studies. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(9), 1598-1600.
Sallis, J. F., Zakarian, J. M., Hovell, M. F., ve Hofstetter, C. R. (1996). Ethnic, socioeconomic, and sex differences in physical activity among adolescents. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 49(2), 125-134.
Singerland, M., Oomen, J., ve Borghouts, L. (2011). Physical activity levels during Dutch primary and secondary school physical education. European Journal of Sport Science, 11(4), 249-257. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2010.506661.
Spittaels, H., Van Cauwenberghe, E., Verbestel, V., De Meester, F., Van Dyck, D., Verloigne, M., ... De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2012). Objectively measured sedentary time and physical activity time across the lifespan: a cross-sectional study in four age groups. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 1-12.
Teixeira, P. J., Carraça, E. V., Markland, D., Silva, M. N., ve Ryan, R. M. (2012). Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 1-30.
Uimonen, M., Repo, J. P., Grönroos, K., Häkkinen, A., ve Walker, S. (2021). Validity and reliability of the motivation for physical activity (RM4-FM) questionnaire. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 17(2), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.2142194.097
Ullrich-French, S., Cox, A. E., ve Bumpus, M. F. (2013). Physical activity motivation and behavior across the transition to university. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 2(2), 90-111. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030632
Van Kann, D. H. H., Kremers, S. P. J., De Vries, N. K., De Vries, S. I., ve Jansen, M. W. J. (2016). The effect of a school- centered multicomponent intervention on daily physical activity and sedentary behavior in primary school children: The active living study. Preventive Medicine, 89, 64-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.05.022
World Health Organization. (2009). Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2019). Global action plan on physical activity 2018–2030: more active people for a healthier world. World Health Organization.
Xiang, P., McBride, R., ve Guan, J. (2004). Children's motivation in elementary physical education: A longitudinal study. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 75(1), 71-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2004.10609135
Yazıcı, T., Altun, M., Sözeri, B., ve Koçak, S. (2016). Understanding college student’s motivation for physical activity participation: The role of gender, sport type and activity level. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(3), 5189-5200.
Yılmaz, V. A., ve Koruç, Z., (2006). Çocuklar için benlik motivasyonu envanterinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: SMI-C. 9th. International Sport Science Congress, (ss.797-798). Muğla, Turkey.
Yli-Piipari, S. (2011). The development of students’ physical education motivation and physical activity: A 3.5-year longitudinal study across grades 6 to 9 (No. 170). University Jyväskylä.