Arap Baharı’nın Afrika’daki Güç Dengesine ve Türkiye-Afrika Ortaklığına Yansımaları

Arap Baharı’ndan sonra Afrika’daki güç dengesinin nasıl değiştiği ve bu değişimin Türk-Afrika ilişkilerini ne şekilde etkilediği, bu makalenin cevap aradığı temel sorulardır. Arap Baharı sadece merkez üssü Kuzey Afrika’yı değil, tüm Afrika kıtasını etkileyen dönüştürücü bir sarsıntıydı. Afrika Birliği’nde etkin olan bölgesel güçler, uluslararası ilişkilerini Arap Baharı’ndan sonra değişen kıtasal güç dengesine adapte etmişlerdir. Ankara ile Kahire arasındaki siyasî ihtilaftan kaynaklanan bazı meydan okumalara rağmen, Türkiye ile Afrika devletleri arasındaki ticarî bağlar, kalkınma iş birliği projeleri ve olağan toplantılar Arap Baharı sürecinde herhangi bir kesintiye uğramamıştır. Bu sonuç, Türkiye’nin Afrika’daki jeopolitik değişimlere ayak uydurma kabiliyeti ile ilişkilendirilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Arap Baharı, Afrika Birliği, Türkiye, Güç Dengesi

PDF

___

ABDU, Sadik Kedir (2021), “African Union chief urges Africa-Turkey cooperation against terrorism”, Agence Anadolu, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/african-union-chief-urges-africa-turkey-cooperation-against-terrorism, 18.11.2021 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
ADESHOKHAN, Oluwatosin (2020), “Is this Nigeria’s Arab Spring moment?”, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/11/02/is-this-nigerias-arab-spring-moment/, 02.11.2020 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
AFRICALEADS (2021), Baromètre CIAN des leaders d’opinion en Afrique, réalisé par IMMAR, Troisième édition 2020/2021, Conseil français des investisseurs en Afrique.
APS (2022), “Suspension of Zionist entity, diplomatic victory for Algeria and AU values”, Algeria Press Service, https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/42720-suspension-of-zionist-entity-diplomatic-victory-for-algeria-and-au-values, 07.02.2022 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
ARBAOUI, Larbi (2013), “Turkey doesn’t and will never support Polisario Front: Erdogan”, Morocco World News, https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2013/06/93232/turkey-doesnt-and-will-never-support-polisario-front-erdogan, 03.06.2013 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
ARMSTRONG, Hannah (2021), “Turkey in the Sahel”, International Crisis Group, https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/sahel/turkeysahel, 27.08.2021 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
BANERJEE, Arpan (2017), “Moroccan Entry to the African Union and the Revival of the Western Sahara Dispute”, Harvard International Law Journal 59, p. 33-37.
BAYRAM, Mürsel (2021/1), “Bir Kıtasal Bütünleşme İdeali Olarak Afrika Birliği”, Kriter Dergisi 63.
BAYRAM, Mürsel (2021/2), “II. Ramses’ten Sisi’ye Mısır Diplomasisi”, Mağrib Diplomasisi: Kuzey Afrika Devletlerinin Dış İlişkiler Tarihi, ed. Mürsel Bayram, Doğu Kütüphanesi, İstanbul.
BAYRAM, Mürsel (2021/3), “Türkiye-Afrika İş Birliği: Üçüncü Bir Yol Mümkün mü?”, SETA Analyse 358.
BOUKARI-YABARA, Amzat (2019), « L’ombre d’un printemps africain », Le retour des populismes: L’état du monde, éd. Bertrand Badie, La Découverte, Paris, p. 208-214.
BOUKHARS, Anouar (2019), “Reassessing the Power of Regional Security Providers: the Case of Algeria and Morocco”, Middle Eastern Studies 55 (2), p. 242-260.
CUMHURİYET (2009), “İşte Dışişleri’nin çifte standardı”, https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/iste-disislerinincifte-standardi-57664, 24.04.2009 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
DAILY SABAH (2020), “Ottoman descendants in South Africa get Turkish citizenship”, https://www.dailysabah.com/arts/ottoman-descendants-in-south-africa-get-turkish-citizenship/news, 17.09.2020 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
DONELLI, Federico (2021), Turkey in Africa: Turkey’s Strategic Involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa I. B. Tauris, London.
DURÁN, Marién & BADOS, Victor (2017), “The Political and Security Repercussions of Islamic State in the MENA Region”, Political Change in the Middle East and North Africa: After the Arab Spring, ed. Inmaculada Szmolka, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, p. 281-300.
EGYPT TODAY (2021), “Egypt participates in Turkey-Africa Partnership meetings”, https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/111005/Egypt-participates-in-Turkey-Africa-Partnership-meetings, 18.12.2021 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
FETOURI, Mustafa (2021), “How improved Ankara-Cairo ties reflect positively on Tripoli”, Middle East Monitor, https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210513-how-improved-ankara-cairo-ties-reflect-positively-on-tripoli/, 13.05.2021 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
HANAFI, Mohammad (2021), “Egypt boosts ties with Burundi - with eye on Turkey”, Al Monitor, https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/02/buruni-africa-egypt-turkey-expansion-effect.html, 23.02.2021 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
LOUW-VAUDRAN, Liesl (2020), “South Africa’s balancing act in the AU”, Africa Portal, https://www.africaportal.org/features/south-africas-balancing-act-au/, 31.01.2020 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
MECHBAL, Jamal Eddine (2021), “Algeria, SADR and the African Union”, Atalayar, https://atalayar.com/en/blog/algeria-sadr-and-african-union, 31.12.2021 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
MFA (2011), “The First Ministerial Review Conference of the Turkey-Africa Cooperation, December 16, 2011, İstanbul”, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/the-first-ministerial-review-conference-of-the-turkey-africa-cooperationdecember-16-2011.en.mfa (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
MITZER, Stijn & OLIEMANS, Joost (2021), “Morocco’s Bayraktar TB2 UCAVs Break Cover”, Oryxspioenkop, https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/11/moroccos-bayraktar-tb2-ucavs-break.html, 05.11.2021 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
MURITHI, Tim (2021), “The African Union and the Libya Crisis”, Journal of African Union Studies 1 (1) , p. 83-88. OSAGHAE, Eghosa E. (1998), The Crippled Giant: Nigeria since Independence, Hurst & Co, London.
OSAKWE, Chukwuma (2014), “The Arab Spring and Its Implications for Nigerian National Security”, Journal of Politics and Law 7 (1).
OSMAN, Inès (2021), “Algeria: The Arab Spring’s Late Bloomer?”, The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy, https://timep.org/commentary/analysis/algeria-the-arab-springs-late-bloomer/, 02.09.2021 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
ÖZBERK, Tayfun (2021), “Niger becomes first foreign customer of Turkey’s Hurkus aircraft”, Defense News, https://www.defensenews.com/air/2021/11/19/niger-becomes-first-foreign-customer-of-turkeys-hurkusaircraft/, 19.11.2021 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
RAMANI, Samuel (2021), “Russia and the GERD: An uneasy balancing act”, Middle East Institute, https://www.mei.edu/publications/russia-and-gerd-uneasy-balancing-act, 16.08.2021 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
SABBAGH, Dan (2021), “Ethiopia-Turkey pact fuels speculation about drone use in Tigray war”, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/04/ethiopia-turkey-pact-fuels-speculation-about-drone-usein-tigray-war, 04.11.2021 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
SAMAAN, Jean-Loup (2021), “The United Arab Emirates in Africa: The Partly Thwarted Ambitions of a New Regional Player”, Notes de l’Ifri, https://www.ifri.org/en/publications/notes-de-lifri/united-arabemirates-africa-partly-thwarted-ambitions-new-regional, 13.09.2021 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
SEYMOUR, Richard, “Istanbul park protests sow the seeds of a Turkish spring”, The Guardian,‎ https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/31/istanbul-park-protests-turkish-spring, 31.05.2013 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
SHAW, Scott (2013), “Fallout in the Sahel: the Geographic Spread of Conflict from Libya to Mali”, Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 19 (2), p. 199-210.
SKJERDAL, Terje (2016), “Why the Arab Spring Never Came to Ethiopia”, Participatory Politics and Citizen Journalism in a Networked Africa: A Connected Continent, éd. Bruce Mutsvairo, Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills.
SOROUR, Abir (2021), “Ethiopia-Tigray: What does Egypt stand to gain or lose from the one-year war?”, The Africa Report, https://www.theafricareport.com/143814/ethiopia-tigray-what-does-egypt-stand-to-gain-or-lose-fromthe-one-year-war/, 05.11.2021 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
SWART, Nadya (2021), “Cofesa calls for an Africa Spring – The SA population is ripe for a revolution”, BizNews, https://www.biznews.com/africa/2021/10/05/africa-spring, 05.10.2021 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
TANKO, Aliyu (2021), “Nigeria’s security crises - five different threats”, BBC, https://www.bbc.com.news/world-africa-57860993, 19.08.2021 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
TEPECİKLİOĞLU, Elem Eyrice & TEPECİKLİOĞLU, Ali Onur (éds.) (2021), Turkey in Africa: A New Emerging Power?, Routledge, New York.
TIEKU, Thomas Kwasi (2013), “South Africa and the African Union”,The African Union in Light of the Arab Revolts: An Appraisal of the Foreign Policy and Security Objectives of South Africa, Ethiopia and Algeria, éd. Mikael Eriksson & Linnéa Gelot, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala.
TOUMI, Abdennour (2021), “How Algeria-Turkey ambitious strategic rapprochement will affect France’s Sahel policy?”, Insight Turkey 23 (4).
WORLD BULLETIN (2014), “Egypt minister slams Turkey for role in Ethiopia dam”, https://worldbulletin.dunyabulteni.net/africa/egypt-minister-slams-turkey-for-role-in-ethiopia-dam-h128729.html, 12.02.2014 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).
YERKES, Sarah (2016), “Why Morocco’s latest protests will not usher in another Arab Spring”, The Lawfare Insititute, https://www.lawfareblog.com/why-moroccos-latest-protests-will-not-usher-another-arab-spring, 02.11.2016 (La date d’accès: 30.10.2022).