Experimental Study of Typical Defects in Traditional Ceramic Products Caused by Deformations and State of Tension Occurring During Industrial Thermal Cycle
Deformations of traditional ceramic materials during and after firing may depend on several factors and are in general too complex to be studied theoretically. If the products are made up of a single material, such deformations are mainly due to pyroplastic phenomena. In the case of glazed materials, two further factors must be considered: the state of tension established between glaze and body, and their differences in behaviour during sintering. A novel optical technique is described to measure the state of tension of ceramic glazed bodies and applied to the study of delayed crazing and pyroplastic deformation of the body. In addition, this article outlines how can ceramists avail themselves of new optical equipment in order to design high quality products and avoid ordinary defects. Combining dilatometric tests and bending analysis, a full study of residual stresses on glazed ceramic can be performed, therefore this is how planarity problems can be solved. Furthermore the Optical Fleximeter is able to get information about viscosity changing during firing process in traditional sintered ceramic bodies, like stone-ware or porcelain-ware: the viscous flow occurring during the sintering process, where the driving force is mainly given by the surface tension of the liquid glassy phase, and the speed of the process is controlled by the viscosity of the glassy phase. This kind of analysis is crucial for the complete comprehension of pyroplastic behaviour. As a fundamental result, the bending and expansion curves obtained experimentally with optical techniques proved to be a valid help for the study of the deformations and state of tension in glazed ceramic materials.
Experimental Study of Typical Defects in Traditional Ceramic Products Caused by Deformations and State of Tension Occurring During Industrial Thermal Cycle
Deformations of traditional ceramic materials during and after firing may depend on several factors and are in general too complex to be studied theoretically. If the products are made up of a single material, such deformations are mainly due to pyroplastic phenomena. In the case of glazed materials, two further factors must be considered: the state of tension established between glaze and body, and their differences in behaviour during sintering. A novel optical technique is described to measure the state of tension of ceramic glazed bodies and applied to the study of delayed crazing and pyroplastic deformation of the body. In addition, this article outlines how can ceramists avail themselves of new optical equipment in order to design high quality products and avoid ordinary defects. Combining dilatometric tests and bending analysis, a full study of residual stresses on glazed ceramic can be performed, therefore this is how planarity problems can be solved. Furthermore the Optical Fleximeter is able to get information about viscosity changing during firing process in traditional sintered ceramic bodies, like stone-ware or porcelain-ware: the viscous flow occurring during the sintering process, where the driving force is mainly given by the surface tension of the liquid glassy phase, and the speed of the process is controlled by the viscosity of the glassy phase. This kind of analysis is crucial for the complete comprehension of pyroplastic behaviour. As a fundamental result, the bending and expansion curves obtained experimentally with optical techniques proved to be a valid help for the study of the deformations and state of tension in glazed ceramic materials. © Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Deformations And Stresses In Glazed Tiles In glazed or double layer tiles, deformations may be generated from the different behaviour of the two overlapped layers, during both heating and cooling phases. The coupling of materials with different thermal behaviours inevitably gives rise to a system of stresses due to the thermal incompatibility between the layers. The ceramic support shows the characteristics of an elastic solid, while glasses and glazes exhibit a strongly temperature-dependent mechanical behaviour. At room temperature, they behave as elastic solids, obeying Hooke’s law; at temperatures higher than their glass transition temperature (Tg) they behave as plastic fluids and their viscosity decreases as temperature rises, in accordance to Arrhenius’ law. The study of the deformations and state of tension in a glazed ceramic material may be
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- Paganelli, M., Sighinolfi, D., 2009, “The Optical Fleximeter to study deformations on ceramics”, Industrial Ceramics
- Paganelli, M., Venturelli, C., 2009, “The measurement of behaviour of traditional ceramic materials during firing", Ceramic Forum International
- Venturelli, C., Sighinolfi, D.,2012, “Experimental study of deformations and state of tension in traditional ceramic materials”,Tiles & Bricks International, Vol. 1
