D Vitamini ve Alzheimer Hastalığı

Kalsiyum homeostazı ve kemik sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri bilinen D vitamini, dünyada yetersizliği en fazla görülen besin ögelerinden biridir. Son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda, beynin birçok bölümünde D vitamini reseptörlerinin bulunması bu vitaminin nörolojik etkilerinin olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. D vitaminin hücre farklılaşması, nörotrofik faktör ve sitokinler üzerinde düzenleyici, nörotransmitter sentez görevi ve antioksidan aktivasyonu gibi birçok fonksiyonu bulunmaktadır. Alzheimer hastalığının önemli bir göstergesi olan kognitif hasar yaşla beraber artan D vitamini eksikliği ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Bu derleme makalede, güncel literatür eşliğinde, D vitaminin beyin üzerindeki işlevleri, D vitamini yetersizliği veya takviyesi durumunda Alzheimer hastalığının patolojik bulguları ve kognitif hasar üzerindeki etkileri açıklanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Alzheimer hastalığı, D vitamini, D vitamin reseptörleri

Vitamin D and Alzheimer's Disease

Vitamin D, known for its effects on calcium homeostasis and bone health, is one of nutrients whose deficiency is the most common in the world. In recent studies, the presence of vitamin D receptors in many parts of the brain suggests that this vitamin may have neurological effects. Vitamin D has many functions such as cell differentiation, a regulatory effect on neurotrophic factors and cytokines, neurotransmitter synthesis task and antioxidant activation. Cognitive impairment, an important indicator of Alzheimer's disease, has been associated with increased vitamin D deficiency with age. In this review article, the functions of vitamin D in the brain, the pathological findings of Alzheimer's disease and the effects on cognitive damage in the case of vitamin D deficiency or supplementation are explained in the context of relevant literature.

Keywords:

Alzheimer's disease, Vitamin D, Vitamin D receptors,

PDF

___

Referans 1 Eyles DW, Smith S, Kinobe R, Hewison M, McGrath JJ. Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1α-hydroxylase in human brain. Journal of chemical neuroanatomy. 2005;29(1):21-30.
Referans 2 Dickens AP, Lang IA, Langa KM, Kos K, Llewellyn DJ. Vitamin D, cognitive dysfunction and dementia in older adults. CNS drugs. 2011;25(8):629-39.
Referans 3 Annweiler C, Beauchet O. Vitamin D-mentia: randomized clinical trials should be the next step. Neuroepidemiology. 2011;37(3-4):249-58.
Referans 4 Stein MS, Scherer SC, Ladd KS, Harrison LC. A randomized controlled trial of high-dose vitamin D2 followed by intranasal insulin in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 2011;26(3):477-84.
Referans 5 Buell JS, Scott TM, Dawson-Hughes B, Dallal GE, Rosenberg IH, Folstein MF, et al. Vitamin D is associated with cognitive function in elders receiving home health services. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2009;64(8):888-95.
Referans 6 Mosconi L, Murray J, Davies M, Williams S, Pirraglia E, Spector N, et al. Nutrient intake and brain biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in at-risk cognitively normal individuals: a cross-sectional neuroimaging pilot study. BMJ open. 2014;4(6):e004850.
Referans 7 Hooshmand B, Lökk J, Solomon A, Mangialasche F, Miralbell J, Spulber G, et al. Vitamin D in relation to cognitive impairment, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and brain volumes. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2014;69(9):1132-8.
Referans 8 Alzheimer’s A. 2015 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimer's & dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer's Association. 2015;11(3):332.
Referans 9 Brookmeyer R, Johnson E, Ziegler-Graham K, Arrighi HM. Forecasting the global burden of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer's & dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer's Association. 2007;3(3):186-91.
Referans 10 Gurvit H, Emre M, Tinaz S, Bilgic B, Hanagasi H, Sahin H, et al. The prevalence of dementia in an urban Turkish population. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias®. 2008;23(1):67-76.
Referans 11 Elmacı NT. Alzheimer hastalığının patofizyolojisi. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Neurology Special Topics. 2012;5(3):7-10.
Referans 12 Oddo S, Caccamo A, Shepherd JD, Murphy MP, Golde TE, Kayed R, et al. Triple-transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease with plaques and tangles: intracellular Aβ and synaptic dysfunction. Neuron. 2003;39(3):409-21.
Referans 13 Del Valle HB, Yaktine AL, Taylor CL, Ross AC. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D: National Academies Press; 2011.
Referans 14 Yılmaz M, Yılmaz N. D Vitaminin beyindeki rolü ve ilişkili nörolojik hastalıklar. J Clin Exp Invest www jceionline org Vol. 2013;4(3).
Referans 15 Balabanova S, Richter H-P, Antoniadis G, Homoki J, Kremmer N, Hanle J, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, 24, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human cerebrospinal fluid. Klinische Wochenschrift. 1984;62(22):1086-90.
Referans 16 Keeney JT, Butterfield DA. Vitamin D deficiency and Alzheimer disease: common links. Neurobiology of disease. 2015;84:84-98.
Referans 17 Cui X, McGrath JJ, Burne TH, Mackay-Sim A, Eyles DW. Maternal vitamin D depletion alters neurogenesis in the developing rat brain. International journal of developmental neuroscience. 2007;25(4):227-32.
Referans 18 Brown J, Bianco JI, McGrath JJ, Eyles DW. 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces nerve growth factor, promotes neurite outgrowth and inhibits mitosis in embryonic rat hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience letters. 2003;343(2):139-43.
Referans 19 Chabas J-F, Alluin O, Rao G, Garcia S, Lavaut M-N, Risso JJ, et al. Vitamin D2 potentiates axon regeneration. Journal of neurotrauma. 2008;25(10):1247-56.
Referans 20 Huang Y, Christakos S. Modulation of rat calbindin-D28 gene expression by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and dietary alteration. Molecular Endocrinology. 1988;2(10):928-35.
Referans 21 Gezen-Ak D, Dursun E, Yilmazer S. The effects of vitamin D receptor silencing on the expression of LVSCC-A1C and LVSCC-A1D and the release of NGF in cortical neurons. PLoS One. 2011;6(3):e17553.
Referans 22 Goudarzvand M, Javan M, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Mozafari S, Tiraihi T. Vitamins E and D3 attenuate demyelination and potentiate remyelination processes of hippocampal formation of rats following local injection of ethidium bromide. Cellular and molecular neurobiology. 2010;30(2):289-99.
Referans 23 Ibi M, Sawada H, Nakanishi M, Kume T, Katsuki H, Kaneko S, et al. Protective effects of 1α, 25-(OH) 2D3 against the neurotoxicity of glutamate and reactive oxygen species in mesencephalic culture. Neuropharmacology. 2001;40(6):761-71.
Referans 24 Schneider AL, Lutsey PL, Alonso A, Gottesman RF, Sharrett AR, Carson KA, et al. Vitamin D and cognitive function and dementia risk in a biracial cohort: the ARIC Brain MRI Study. European journal of neurology. 2014;21(9):1211.
Referans 25 Annweiler C, Allali G, Allain P, Bridenbaugh S, Schott AM, Kressig RW, et al. Vitamin D and cognitive performance in adults: a systematic review. European Journal of Neurology. 2009;16(10):1083-9.
Referans 26 Brouwer-Brolsma EM, Van De Rest O, Tieland M, van der Zwaluw NL, Steegenga WT, Adam JJ, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with cognitive executive function in Dutch prefrail and frail elderly: a cross-sectional study exploring the associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with glucose metabolism, cognitive performance and depression. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2013;14(11):852. e9-. e17.
Referans 27 Schlögl M, Holick MF. Vitamin D and neurocognitive function. Clinical interventions in aging. 2014;9:559.
Referans 28 Eyles DW, Burne TH, McGrath JJ. Vitamin D, effects on brain development, adult brain function and the links between low levels of vitamin D and neuropsychiatric disease. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology. 2013;34(1):47-64.
Referans 29 Sanchez B, Relova JL, Gallego R, Ben‐Batalla I, Perez‐Fernandez R. 1, 25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 administration to 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats increases glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor and partially restores tyrosine hydroxylase expression in substantia nigra and striatum. Journal of neuroscience research. 2009;87(3):723-32.
Referans 30 Sonnenberg J, Luine V, Krey L, Christakos S. 1, 25-Dihydr oxyvitamin D3 Treatment Results in Increased Choline Acetyltransferase Activity in Specific Brain Nuclei. Endocrinology. 1986;118(4):1433-9.
Referans 31 Durk MR, Han K, Chow EC, Ahrens R, Henderson JT, Fraser PE, et al. 1α, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduces cerebral amyloid-β accumulation and improves cognition in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuroscience. 2014;34(21):7091-101.
Referans 32 Annweiler C, Schott A, Allali G, Bridenbaugh S, Kressig R, Allain P, et al. Association of vitamin D deficiency with cognitive impairment in older women Cross-sectional study. Neurology. 2010;74(1):27-32.
Referans 33 Oudshoorn C, Mattace-Raso F, van der Velde N, Colin E, Van der Cammen T. Higher serum vitamin D3 levels are associated with better cognitive test performance in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders. 2008;25(6):539-43.
Referans 34 Garcion E, Wion-Barbot N, Montero-Menei CN, Berger F, Wion D. New clues about vitamin D functions in the nervous system. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2002;13(3):100-5.
Referans 35 Aalten P, Verhey FR, Boziki M, Bullock R, Byrne EJ, Camus V, et al. Neuropsychiatric syndromes in dementia. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders. 2007;24(6):457-63.
Referans 36 Littlejohns TJ, Henley WE, Lang IA, Annweiler C, Beauchet O, Chaves PH, et al. Vitamin D and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2014;83(10):920-8.
Referans 37 Annweiler C, Rolland Y, Schott AM, Blain H, Vellas B, Herrmann FR, et al. Higher vitamin D dietary intake is associated with lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a 7-year follow-up. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2012;67(11):1205-11.
Referans 38 Annweiler C, Llewellyn DJ, Beauchet O. Low serum vitamin D concentrations in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 2013;33(3):659-74.
Referans 39 Zhao Y, Sun Y, Ji H-F, Shen L. Vitamin D levels in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases: a meta-analysis. Nutrition. 2013;29(6):828-32.