Otonom Araçların Neden Olduğu Kazalardaki Hukuki Sorumluluk Rejimi

Dünya çapında birçok farklı üretici, otonom araç geliştirme konusundaki çalışmalarına hızla devam etmektedir. Yakın bir zaman içerisinde sürücü müdahalesine ihtiyaç duymayan tam otonom araçların da piyasaya sunulması planlanmaktadır. Otonom araçların yaygınlaşmasının, trafik kazalarını azaltmak başta olmak üzere pek çok olumlu etkisinin olacağı değerlendirilmekte ancak kendisine özgü bazı sorunları da beraberinde getireceği düşünülmektedir. Bugün için Türkiye’de otonom araçların sebep olacağı kazalardan doğan hukuki sorumluluğa ilişkin özel bir düzenleme bulunmamaktadır. Motorlu araçların sebep olduğu kazalardan doğan hukuki sorumluluğu düzenleyen 2918 sayılı Karayolları Trafik Kanunu’nda yer alan düzenlemelerin otonom araçlar için ne derece uygulanabilir olacağı ve nasıl sonuçlar doğuracağı tartışmaya açıktır. Otonom araçlar kapsamında bu kanunun uygulanması, otonom sürüşlerde sürücünün rolü, kusurun ve sorumluluğun paylaştırılması, sürücü ile otonom sistem arasındaki ilişkinin kazaya ve hukuki sorumluluğa etkisi gibi hususların belirlenmesinde yetersiz kalabilecektir. Bu nedenle, otonom araçların geliştirilmesi ve piyasaya sürülmesinin önünde engel oluşturmayacak, ancak zarar gören kişilerin mağduriyetine de sebep olmayacak, otonom araçlara özgü kusursuz sorumluluğu temel alan bir hukuki sorumluluk rejiminin belirlenmesi yararlı olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Otonom araç, Karayolları Trafik Kanunu, hukuki sorumluluk, kusursuz sorumluluk

PDF

___

Anderson, James M./ Kalra, Nidhi/ Stanley, Karlyn D. vd,, “Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers”, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2016, (https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR443-2.html), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Awad, Edmond/ Levine, Sydney/ Kleiman-Weiner, Max vd. “Drivers are Blamed More Than Their Automated Cars When Both Make Mistakes”, Nat Hum Behav, C.4, 2020, ss. 134-143
Bansal, Prateek/ Kockelman, Kara M./ Singh, Amit, “Assessing Public Opinions of and Interest in New Vehicle Technologies: An Austin Perspective”, Transportation Research Part, C. 67, 2016, ss. 1-14, (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968090X16000383), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Bennett, Joanne M./ Challinor, Kirsten/ Modesto, Oscar vd., “Attribution of Blame of Crash Causation Across Varying Levels of Vehicle Automation”, Safety Science, C.132, 2020, 104968
Bolatoğlu, Bolat, Karayolları Trafik Kanununa göre Motorlu Araç İşletenin Hukuki Sorumluluğu (İşleten Kavramı ve Sorumluluğun Şartları), Kazancı Hukuk Yayınları, Ankara, 1988
Brodsky, Jessica S., “Autonomous Vehicle Regulation: How an Uncertain Legal Landscape May Hit the Brakes on Self-Driving Cars”, Berkeley Technology Law Journal, C.31, S.2, 2016, ss. 851-878, (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26377774), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Burianski, Markus Dr./ Theissen, Christian M., “An Important Milestone as Germany Permits Automated Vehicles: Market Impact and Outlook”, Business Law Magazine, 7 Eylül 2017, (https://www.deutscheranwaltspiegel.de/businesslaw/archiv/an-important-milestone-as-germany-permits-automated-vehicles-market-impact-and-outlook/), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Chapman Mary M., “Self-Driving Cars Could Be Boon for Aged, After Initial Hurdles”, The New York Times, 23 Mart 2017 (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/23/automobiles/wheels/self-driving-cars-elderly.html), Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Chatzipanagiotis, Michalel Dr./ Leloudas, George Dr., Automated Vehicles and Third-Party Liability: A European Perspective”, Journal of Law, Technology & Policy C. 2020, ss. 109-199
Colonna, Kyle, “Autonomous Cars and Liability”, Journal of Law, Technology & The Internet, C.4, S.4, 2012, ss.81-130, (https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=jolti), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Cowger, Alfred R. Jr, “Liability Considerations When Autonomous Vehicles Choose the Accident Victim”, Journal of High Technology Law, C. XIX, S.1, 2018, ss. 1-60, (https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.suffolk.edu/dist/5/1153/files/2018/12/Cowger-FINAL-174f0gc.pdf), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Çekin, S. Mesut, “Otonom Araçlar ve Hukuki Sorumluluk”, TAAD, C. 9, S. 33, 2018, ss.283-301 De Bruin, Roeland, “Autonomous Intelligent Cars on the European Intersection of Liability and Privacy”, European Journal of Risk Regulation, C. 7, S. 3, ss.485-501
Di, Xuan/ Chen, Xu/ Talley, Eric, “Liability Design for Autonomous Vehicles and Human-Driven Vehicles: A Hierarchical Game-Theoretic Approach”, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, C.118, 2020, 102710, ss. 1-36 (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.02405.pdf), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Duffy, Sophia H., “Sit, Stay, Drive: The Future of Autonomous Car Liability”, Science and Technology Law Review, C. 16, S. 3, 2013, ss. 453-480, (https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1208&context=scitech), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
ECE/TRANS/WP.1/2019/9- - (UK) Position Statement on Automated Vehicles Elish, Madeleine Clare/ Hwang, Tim, “Praise the Machine! Punish the Human! The Contradictory History of Accountability in Automated Aviation”, 2015
Elish, Madeleine Clare, “Moral Crumple Zones: Cautionary Tales in Human-Robot Interaction”, Engaging Science, Technology, and Society, C.5, 2019, s.40-60, (https://estsjournal.org/index.php/ests/article/view/260/177), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Eren, Fikret, “Karayolları Trafik Kanuna Göre Motorlu Araç İşletenlerin Akit Dışı Sorumluluğunun Hukuki Niteliği ve Unsurları, AÜHD, C.XXXIX 19821987, S. 14
Fagnant, Daniel J./ Kockelman, “Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations”, Trasnportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, C. 77, 2015, s.167-181
Fagnant/Kockelman, 2015, s.170, LeValley, Dylan, “Autonomous Vehicle Liability—Application of Common Carrier Liability”, Seattle U.L. REV. SUPRA, C. 36, 2013, s.5,-26 (https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=sulr_supra), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Fernandez, Elizabeth, “Who Is Responsible In A Crash With A Self-Driving Car?”, Forbes, 6 Şubat 2020, (https://www.forbes.com/sites/fernandezelizabeth/2020/02/06/who-is-responsible-in-a-crash-with-a-self-driving-car/?sh=1195a5024b2b), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Geistfeld, A. Mark, “A Roadmap for Autonomous Vehicles: State Tort Liability, Automobile Insurance, and Federal Safety Regulation”, California Law Rev, C. 105, 2017, ss.1611-1694, (http://www.californialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2-Geistfeld-34-updated.pdf), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Goh, Brenda/ Sun, Yilei, “Tesla 'Very Close' to Level 5 Autonomous Driving Technology, Musk says”, Reuters, 9 Temmuz 2020, (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tesla-autonomous-idUSKBN24A0HE), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Gomes, Lee, “Hidden Obstacles for Google’s Self-Driving Cars”, MIT Technology Review, 28 Ağustos 2014, (https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/08/28/171520/hidden-obstacles-for-googles-self-driving-cars/), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Gorriez, Francois, “The Legal Landscape of Autonomous Cars”, DigiWorld Economic Journal-Communications & Strategies, C.105, 2017, ss.59-71, (link.gale.com/apps/doc/A498245249/ITOF?u=ed_itw&sid=ITOF&xid=ca77d333), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Hevelke, Alexander/ Nida-Rümelin, Julian, “Responsibility for Crashes of Autonomous Vehicles: An Ethical Analysis”, Sci Eng Ethics, C. 21, S. 3, 2015, ss.619-630
Husch, Ben/ Teigen, Anna, “Regulating Autonomous Vehicles”, National Conference of State Legislatures, C.25, S.13, 2017, (https://www.ncsl.org/research/transportation/regulating-autonomous-vehicles.aspx), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Hussain, Rasheed/ Zeadally, Sherali, “Autonomous Cars: Research Results, Issues, and Future Challenges”, IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, C.21, S. 2, 2019, ss.1275-1313
Hyde, Justin, “Are Google’s Driverless Cars Legal?”, Jalopnik, 11 Ekim 2010, (https://jalopnik.com/are-googles-driverless-cars-legal-5661240), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Jimenez Alonso, Felipe/ Naranjo, J.E/, Sanchez-Mateo, Sofia, “Communications and Driver Monitoring Electronics, C. 7, S. 10, 2018, ss.228 vd.
Jurdak, Raja/ Kanhere, Salil S. “Who’s to Blame When A Driverless Cars Have An Accident?”, The Conversation, 20 Mart 2020, (https://theconversation.com/whos-to-blame-when-driverless-cars-have-an-accident-93132), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Kalra, Nidhi/ Anderson, James M./ Wachs, M., “Liability and Regulation of Autonomous Vehicle Technologies”, RAND Corporation, California PATH Research Report, UCB-ITS-PRR-2009-28, 2009, (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228931139_Liability_and_Regulation_of_Autonomous_Vehicle_Technologies), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Karahasan, Mustafa Reşit, Sorumluluk Hukuku: Kusura Dayanan Sözleşme Dışı Sorumluluk – Kusura Dayanmayan Sözleşme Dışı Sorumluluk, Beta Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2003, 6. Baskı
Köster, Jonas, “Germany Publishes Draft Law for the Approval of Fully Autonomous Vehicles”, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer, 17 February 2021, (https://digital.freshfields.com/post/102gr1m/germany-publishes-draft-law-for-the-approval-of-fully-autonomous-vehicles), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Law Commission, (https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/project/automated-vehicles/), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Law Commission and Scottish Law Commission, Automated Vehicles: A Joint Preliminary Consultation Paper, 2018, (https://www.scotlawcom.gov.uk/files/8315/4166/7851/Joint_Consultation_Paper_on_Automated_Vehicles_DP_No_166.PDF), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Law Commission and Scottish Law Commission, Automated Vehicles: Consultation Paper 2 on Passenger Services and Public Transport A Joint Consultation Paper, 2019, (https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/lawcom-prod-storage-11jsxou24uy7q/uploads/2019/10/Automated-Vehicles-Consultation-Paper-final.pdf), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Law Commission and Scottish Law Commission, Automated Vehicles: Consultation Paper 3-A Regulatory Framework for Automated Vehicles A Joint Consultation Paper, 2020, (https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/lawcom-prod-storage-11jsxou24uy7q/uploads/2021/01/AV-CP3.pdf), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, (https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/tort), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Levinson, Jesse/ Montemerlo, Michael/ Thrun, Sebastian, “Map-Based Precision Vehicle Localization in Urban Environments”, Robotics: Science and Systems III, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 27-30 Haziran 2007, (http://www.roboticsproceedings.org/rss03/p16.pdf), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Lin, Patrick, “What Google Cars Can Learn From Killer Robots”, Forbes, 28 Temmuz 2014, (https://www.forbes.com/sites/patricklin/2014/07/28/what-google-cars-can-learn-from-killer-robots/?sh=34b2423b3e18), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Lim, Hannah Y., Autonomous Vehicles and the Law: Technology, Algorithms and Ethics, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018
Marshall, Aarian, “Who’s Ready to Put Their Kid on a Self-Driving School Bus?”, Wired, 1 November 2017, (wired.com/story/self-driving-school-bus/), Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
McChristian, Lynne/ Corbett, Richard, “Regulatory Issues Related to Autonomous Vehicles”, Journal of Insurance Regulation, C. 35, S. 7, 2016, (https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/JIR-ZA-35-07-EL.pdf), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
National Conferance of State Legislatures, “Autonomous Vehicles/Self-Driving Vehicles Enacted Legislation”, 18 Şubat 2020, (https://www.ncsl.org/research/transportation/autonomous-vehicles-self-driving-vehicles-enacted-legislation.aspx), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Nees, Michael A., “Safer Than the Average Human Driver (Who is Less Safe Than Me)? Examining a Popular Safety Benchmark for Self-Driving Cars”, Journal of Safety Research, C. 69, 2019, ss.61-68
Nomer, Haluk Nami, “2918 Sayılı Karayolları Trafik Kanununa Göre Motorlu Araç İşletenin Hukuki Sorumluluğu”, İstanbul Barosu Dergisi, C. 66, 1992
Nunes, Ashley/ Reimer, Bryan/ Coughlin, F. Joseph, “People Must Retain Control of Autonomous Vehicles”, Nature, 2018, (https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-04158-5), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Oğuzman Kemal M./ Öz Turgut M., Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler Cilt-2, Vedat Kitapçılık, İstanbul, 2017, 13. Bası Pekmez, Cüneyt, “Alman Karayolları Trafik Kanunu’nda 20 Haziran 2017’de Yapılan Değişiklikler Çerçevesinde Türk/İsviçre Hukuku’nda Araçların Otonomlaştırılmasının İşletenin Sorumluluğuna Etkisi”, İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, C. 77, S. 1, 2019, ss. 153-184
Pekmez Kelep, Tuba, “Otonom Araçların Kullanımından Doğan Cezai Sorumluluk: Türk Hukuku Bakımından Genel Bir Değerlendirme”, Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi, C. 6, S. 2, 2018, ss.173-195
Raval, Vasant/ Dentlinger, Michael J., “Risk Landscape of Autonomous Cars”, EDPACS, C. 56, S. 3, 2017, ss.1-18
Russel, Stuart J./ Norvig, Peter, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Alan Apt, 1995, s.601, (https://www.cin.ufpe.br/~tfl2/artificial-intelligence-modern-approach.9780131038059.25368.pdf), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
SAE International, (R) Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles (J3016 JUN2018, 2018)
Sandry, Eleanor, “Automation and Human Relations with the Private Vehicle: From Automobiles to Autonomous Cars”, Media International Australia, C. 166, S. 1, 2017
Schoettle, Brandon/ Sivak, Michael, “Public Opinion About Self-Driving Vehicles in China, India, Japan, the U.S., the U.K., and Australia”, The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute: Ann Arbor, 2014, (https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/109433/103139.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Smith, Bryant W., “Managing Autonomous Transportation Demand”, Santa Clara Law Review, C. 52, S. 4, 2012, ss.1401-1422, (https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2733&context=lawreview), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Smith, Bryant W., “Automated Vehicles Are Probably Legal in the United States”, 1 Tex. A&M L. Rev., C.411, 2014, ss. 411-511
Straßenverkehrsgesetz [StVG], [Alman Karayolları Trafik Kanunu], 5 Mart 2003’te değiştiği şekliyle (BGBI. I s. 310, 919), en son 17 Temmuz 2017 tarihli Kanunun 8. maddesiyle değiştirilmiştir (BGBI. I s. 2421)
Surden, Harry/ Williams, Mary-Anne, “How Self-Driving Cars Work”, 2016, (https://ssrn.com/abstract=2784465), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Taeihagh, Araz/ Si Min Lim, Hazel, “Governing Autonomous Vehicles: Emerging Responses for Safety, Liability, Privacy, Cybersecurity, and Industry Risks”, Transport Reviews, C. 39, S. 1, 2019
Taylor, Micheal, “German Court Bans Tesla ‘Autopilot’ Name For Misleading Customers”, Forbes, 14 Temmuz 2020, (https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltaylor/2020/07/14/german-court-bans-tesla-autopilot-name-for-misleading-customers/?sh=56f09f4cc7fb), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Teoh, Eric R, “What's in a Name? Drivers' Perceptions of the Use of Five SAE Level 2 Driving Automation Systems”, J Safety Res., C. 72, 2020, ss. 145-151
Tesla, Autopilot and Full Self-Driving Capability, (https://www.tesla.com/support/autopilot), Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Tremoulet, Patrice D./ Seacrist, Thomas/McIntosh Chelsea W., “Transporting Children in Autonomous Vehicles: An Exploratory Study”, Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, C. 62, S. 2, 2020, ss.278-287
U.S. Department of Transportation NHTSA, Automated Driving Systems 2.0: A Vision for Safety (https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/13069a-ads2.0_090617_v9a_tag.pdf), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Wakabayashi, Daisuke, “Self-Driving Uber Car Kills Pedestrian in Arizona, Where Robots Roam”, The New York Times, 19 Mart 2018, (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/19/technology/uber-driverless-fatality.html), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Whitwam, Ryan, “How Google’s Self-Driving Cars Detect and Avoid Obstacles”, Extremetech, 8 Eylül 2014, (https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/189486-how-googles-self-driving-cars-detect-and-avoid-obstacles), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Van Oort, Niels/ Scheltes, Arthur, “A Self-Driving Car to Transport Wheelchair-Bound Children”, TUDelft, 2017, (https://www.tudelft.nl/en/ceg/research/stories-of-science/a-self-driving-car-to-transport-wheelchair-bound-children/), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Van Uytsel, Stevan/ Vasconcellos Vargas, Danilo, Autonomous Vehicles, Springer, Singapore, 2021, 1. Baskı s.5
Vellinga, Nynke E., “Automated Driving and Its Challenges to International Traffic Law: Which Way to Go?”, Law, Innovation and Technology, C. 11, S. 2, 2019
Villasenor, John, “Products Liability and Driverless Cars: Issues and Guiding Principles for Legislation”, Brookings, The Robots Are Coming: The Project on Civilian Robotics, 2014,
(https://www.brookings.edu/research/products-liability-and-driverless-cars-issues-and-guiding-principles-for-legislation/), (Çevrimiçi, Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021)
Yetim, Servet, “Sürücüsüz Araçlar ve Getirdiği/Getireceği Hukuki Sorunlar”, Ankara Barosu Dergisi, S. 1, 2016, ss.127-184
Zachäus, Carolin/ Müller, Beate/ Meyer, Gereon, Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications 2017, Springer, Cham, Almanya, 2018