Are COVID-19 Vaccine Preference and COVID-19 Risk Differ in Individuals Living with HIV from The Normal Population?

Objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may have a severe course in high-risk patients and people living with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, PLWH)) are also in this risk group. The aim of the study was to compare the history of COVID-19, vaccination status, vaccine doses, and vaccine preferences of PLWH with the normal population. Materials and Methods: This study was a retrospective cross-sectional survey study. The PLWH were study group and patients without chronic disease were selected as a control group. Results: A total of 326 patients, 163 HIV positive and 163 without chronic disease, were included in the study. Of the patients, 142 (88.1%) were male, and the mean age was 46.69 ± 13.72 years. The number of patients who were not vaccinated was 36 (11.1%). When unvaccinated PLWH were evaluated, it was observed that women were less vaccinated than male patients (p=0.01). In PLWH, 145 (89.0%) of patients were vaccinated with single dose, 129 (79.1%) of patients with double dose, and 123 (75.5%) of patients with full dose; in the control group, 145 (89.0%) of patients with single dose, 131 (80.9%) of patients with double dose and 126 (77.3%) of patients with full dose were vaccinated. There was no difference between the groups in the preference of inactivated and mRNA vaccines (p=1.0). Before vaccination, 42 (12.9%) patients were infected. Twenty (12.3%) of these patients were in PLWH group, while 22 (13.5%) patients were in the control group. There were 28 (9.8%) patients who had COVID-19 during or after vaccination, and 10 (6.9%) of them were in PLWH group; 18 (12.4%) of them were in the control group. Conclusion: In our study, no difference was found in the vaccination status, vaccine preference, vaccination doses and COVID-19 history between two groups.

PDF

___

[1] Brown LB, Spinelli MA, Gandhi M. The interplay between HIV and COVID-19: summary of the data and responses to date. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2021;16(1):63-73.
[2] Lesko CR, Bengtson AM. HIV and COVID-19: Intersecting Epidemics With Many Unknowns. Am J Epidemiol. 2021;190(1):10-6.
[3] Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62.
[4] Zheng Z, Peng F, Xu B, Zhao J, Liu H, Peng J, et al. Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2020;81(2):e16-e25.
[5] Virata MD, Shenoi SV, Ladines-Lim J, Villanueva MS, Barakat LA. Cumulative burden of non-communicable diseases predicts COVID hospitalization among people with HIV: A one-year retrospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2021;16(12):e0260251.
[6] Yang Y, Iwasaki A. Impact of Chronic HIV Infection on SARSCoV- 2 Infection, COVID-19 Disease and Vaccines. Curr HIV/ AIDS Rep. 2021:1-12.
[7] Mascolo S, Romanelli A, Carleo MA, Esposito V. Could HIV infection alter the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection? When less is better. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1777-8.
[8] World Health Organization. Accessed date: 05 Deecember 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/ diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19-vaccines/ advice.
[9] Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health. Accessed date: 05 December 2021. Available from: https://covid19asi.saglik. gov.tr.
[10] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed date: 12 December 2021. Available from: https://clinicalinfo.hiv. gov/en/guidelines/covid-19-and-persons-hiv-interimguidance/ interim-guidance-covid-19-and-persons-hiv.
[11] D’Souza G, Tong W, Gustafson D, Alcaide ML, Lahiri CD, Sharma A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among People Living With HIV Compared With People Without HIV: Survey Results From the MACS-WIHS Combined Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2022;89(1):1-8.
[12] Castel AD, Wilbourn B, Magnus M, Greenberg AE. SARSCoV- 2 and HIV: Epidemiology, Treatment, and Lessons Learned from HIV. AIDS Rev. 2020;22(3):133-42.
[13] Geretti AM, Stockdale AJ, Kelly SH, Cevik M, Collins S, Waters L, et al. Outcomes of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Related Hospitalization Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the ISARIC World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Characterization Protocol (UK): A Prospective Observational Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(7):e2095-e106.
[14] Bhaskaran K, Rentsch CT, MacKenna B, Schultze A, Mehrkar A, Bates CJ, et al. HIV infection and COVID-19 death: a population-based cohort analysis of UK primary care data and linked national death registrations within the OpenSAFELY platform. Lancet HIV. 2021;8(1):e24-e32.
[15] Western Cape Department of Health in collaboration with the National Institute for Communicable Diseases. Risk Factors for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Death in a Population Cohort Study from the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(7):e2005-e15.
[16] Tesoriero JM, Swain CE, Pierce JL, Zamboni L, Wu M, Holtgrave DR, et al. COVID-19 Outcomes Among Persons Living With or Without Diagnosed HIV Infection in New York State. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(2):e2037069.
[17] Shalev N, Scherer M, LaSota ED, Antoniou P, Yin MT, Zucker J, et al. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2294-7.
[18] Karmen-Tuohy S, Carlucci PM, Zervou FN, Zacharioudakis IM, Rebick G, Klein E, et al. Outcomes Among HIV-Positive Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;85(1):6-10.
[19] Durstenfeld MS, Sun K, Ma Y, Rodriguez F, Secemsky EA, Parikh RV, et al. Impact of HIV Infection on COVID-19 Outcomes Among Hospitalized Adults in the U.S. medRxiv. 2021.
[20] Sigel K, Swartz T, Golden E, Paranjpe I, Somani S, Richter F, et al. Coronavirus 2019 and People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Outcomes for Hospitalized Patients in New York City. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(11):2933- 8.
[21] Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, et al. Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(7):934-43.
[22] Blanco JL, Ambrosioni J, Garcia F, Martínez E, Soriano A, Mallolas J, et al. COVID-19 in patients with HIV: clinical case series. Lancet HIV. 2020;7(5):e314-e6.
[23] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed date: 12 December 2021. Available from: https://www.cdc. gov/hiv/basics/covid-19.html.
[24] Bergman P, Blennow O, Hansson L, Mielke S, Nowak P, Chen P, et al. Safety and efficacy of the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in five groups of immunocompromised patients and healthy controls in a prospective open-label clinical trial. EBioMedicine. 2021;74:103705.
[25] Bajema KL, Dahl RM, Evener SL, Prill MM, Rodriguez- Barradas MC, Marconi VC, et al. Comparative Effectiveness and Antibody Responses to Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccines among Hospitalized Veterans - Five Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, United States, February 1-September 30, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(49):1700-5.
[26] Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, et al. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(27):2603- 15.
[27] Akova M, Unal S. A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled phase III clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (inactivated, Vero cell): a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2021;22(1):276.
[28] Tanriover MD, Doğanay HL, Akova M, Güner HR, Azap A, Akhan S, et al. Efficacy and safety of an inactivated wholevirion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac): interim results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial in Turkey. Lancet. 2021;398(10296):213-22.
[29] Fadlyana E, Rusmil K, Tarigan R, Rahmadi AR, Prodjosoewojo S, Sofiatin Y, et al. A phase III, observer-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine in healthy adults aged 18-59 years: An interim analysis in Indonesia. Vaccine. 2021;39(44):6520-8.
[30] Jara A, Undurraga EA, González C, Paredes F, Fontecilla T, Jara G, et al. Effectiveness of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Chile. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(10):875-84.
[31] Feng Y, Zhang Y, He Z, Huang H, Tian X, Wang G, et al. Immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in people living with HIV-1: a non-randomized cohort study. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;43:101226.
[32] Lv Z, Li Q, Feng Z, Zheng X, NaYin, Yang H, et al. Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit immunogenicity and T-cell responses in people living with HIV. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022;102:108383.
[33] Qi L, Yang L, Ge J, Yu L, Li X. COVID-19 Vaccination Behavior of People Living with HIV: The Mediating Role of Perceived Risk and Vaccination Intention. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(11).
[34] Bogart LM, Ojikutu BO, Tyagi K, Klein DJ, Mutchler MG, Dong L, et al. COVID-19 Related Medical Mistrust, Health Impacts, and Potential Vaccine Hesitancy Among Black Americans Living With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021;86(2):200-7.
[35] Zhao H, Wang H, Li H, Zheng W, Yuan T, Feng A, et al. Uptake and adverse reactions of COVID-19 vaccination among people living with HIV in China: a case-control study. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021:1-7.