Development of urban hierarchies at the country and regional levels in Turkey

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the hierarchical distribution of differ-ent city size groups at the country and regional level between 1945 and 2015 in Turkey. During this period, previous studies have illustrated that human mobility played an important role for the physical and socio-economic transformation of cities and regions. At the country level, first, while the growth rate of the number of smaller cities was higher than the others, the growth rate of population was the highest in the large cities. However, later, despite the population increase, the number of small cities was decreased due to transformation of economy from rural to industrial. During the post-modern era, globalization contributed even further the growth of large cities. As a result, hierarchical distribution of different size cities according to regions reveals the wide gap with respect to urbanization between the East and the West of the country. While the metropolitan cities are over urbanized in the urban hierarchy due to globalization, some of the regions in the East do not have large cities due to lack of economic development and higher out-migration rate. Mobility of capital and the people from the East to the West do not allow the full-fledged development of the urban hierarchy in the Black Sea and the East Anatolia Regions. This results in shortage of jobs and thus it becomes a vicious cycle for underdevelopment.

PDF

___

Akın, D., & Dökmeci, V. (2015). Cluster Analysis of Interregional Mi-gration in Turkey. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 141(3).

Albaum, M., & Davies, C. S. (1973). The spatial structure of socio-econom-ic attributes of Turkish provinces. In-ternational Journal of Middle East Stud-ies, 4(03), 288-310.

Alexander, J. R. (1978). Population policies in Appalachia: Investment strategies and the problem of out-mi-gration. Growth and Change, 9(3), 14-21.

Allen, P. M., & Sanglier, M. (1981). Urban evolution, self-organization, and decisionmaking. Environment and Planning A, 13(2), 167-183.

Alonso, W., & Medrich, E. (1978). Spontaneous growth centers in twenti-eth-century American urbanization. In N. Hansen (Ed.), Growth Centers and Regional Development. New York: The Free Press.

Angotti, T. (1996). Latin American urbanization and planning: inequali-ty and unsustainability in North and South. Latin American Perspectives, 23(4), 12-34.

Beckman, M. (1968). Location theo-ry. New York: Random House.

Berry, B. J. (1961). City size distri-butions and economic development. Economic development and cultural change, 9(4), 573-588.

Brutzkus, E. (1975). Centralized versus decentralized pattern of urban-ization in developing countries: an at-tempt to elucidate a guideline princi-ple. Economic development and cultural change, 23(4), 633-652.

Celebioglu, F., & Dall’erba, S. (2010). Spatial disparities across the regions of Turkey: an exploratory spatial data analysis. The Annals of Regional Sci-ence, 45(2), 379-400.

Chase-Dunn, C., & Manning, E. S. (2002). City systems and world sys-tems: Four millennia of city growth and decline. Cross-Cultural Research, 36(4), 379-398.

Coffey, W. J., & Polese, M. (1984). The Concept of Local Development: A Stages Model of Endogenous Regional Growth*. Papers in Regional Science, 55(1), 1-12.

Dinler, Z. (1978). Bölgesel iktisat: Bursa İktisadi ve Ticari İlimler Akade-misi.

Dokmeci, V. (1975). Optimization of central places in an industrial econ-omy. The Annals of Regional Science, 9(3), 51-55.

Dökmeci, V. (1986). Turkey: distri-bution of cities and change over time. Ekistics; reviews on the problems and science of human settlements, 53(316-317), 13-17.

Dökmeci, V. (1989a). Multi-plant lo-cation with respect to uniform pricing. The Annals of Regional Science, 23(1), 29-39.

Dökmeci, V. (1989b). Multiplant location with respect to price-elastic demand. Environment and Planning A, 21(9), 1169-1178.

Dökmeci, V., & Balta, N. (1999). The evolution and distribution of hotels in Istanbul. European Planning Studies, 7(1), 99-109.

Dökmeci, V., & Berköz, L. (1994). Transformation of Istanbul from a monocentric to a polycentric city. Eu-ropean Planning Studies, 2(2), 193-205.

Dunn Jr, E. S. (1980). The devel-opment of the US urban system. Vol. 1: concepts structures regional shifts. Washington D.C.: Resources for the future.

Eraydin, A., & Armatli-Köroğlu, B. (2005). Innovation, networking and the new industrial clusters: the char-acteristics of networks and local in-novation capabilities in the Turkish industrial clusters. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 17(4), 237-266.

Ettlinger, N. (1981). Dependency and urban growth: a critical review and reformulation of the concepts of pri-macy and rank-size. Environment and Planning A, 13(11), 1389-1400.

Fan, C. C. (2005). Interprovincial migration, population redistribution, and regional development in China: 1990 and 2000 census comparisons. The Professional Geographer, 57(2), 295-311.

Gezici, F., & Hewings, G. J. (2007). Spatial analysis of regional inequalities in Turkey. European Planning Studies, 15(3), 383-403.

Godfrey, B. J., & Zhou, Y. (1999). Ranking world cities: multinational corporations and the global urban hi-erarchy. Urban Geography, 20(3), 268-281.

Greenwood, M. J., Mueser, P. R., Plane, D. A., & Schlottmann, A. M. (1991). New directions in migration research. The Annals of Regional Sci-ence, 25(4), 237-270.

Jacobs, W., Ducruet, C., & De Lan-gen, P. (2010). Integrating world cities into production networks: The case of port cities. Global Networks, 10(1), 92-113.

Johnson, G. A. (1980). Rank-size convexity and system integration: A view from archaeology. Economic Ge-ography(56), 234-247.

Johnson, J. H., & Salt, J. (1990). La-bour migration: the general context. In J. H. Johnson & J. Salt (Eds.), Labour Migration: The Internal Geographical Mobility of Labour in the Developed World (pp. 1-13). London: David Ful-ton Publishers.

Johnson, L. J. (1971). The Spatial Uniformity of a Central Place Distri-bution in New England. Economic Ge-ography, 47(2), 156-170.

Kızılaslan, H., Ünal, T., & Kızılaslan, N. (2016). Effects Of New Metropoli-tan Law No.6360 To Rural Develop-ment In Turkey. Journal Of New Theory, 13, 76-85.

Koramaz, T. K., & Dokmeci, V. (2016). Impact of distance on migra-tion in Turkey. Migration Letters, 13(2), 269-294.

Kundak, S., & Dökmeci, V. (2015). A rank-size rule analysis of the city sys-tem at the country and province level, its publication in progress.

Mutlu, S. (1988). The spatial urban hierarchy in Turkey: its structure and some of its determinants. Growth and Change, 19(3), 53-74.

Önder, A. Ö., Deliktaş, E., & Karadağ, M. (2010). The impact of public capital stock on regional convergence in Tur-key. European Planning Studies, 18(7), 1041-1055.

Özdemir, Z., & Dökmeci, V. (2015). Demographic analysis of inter-provin-cial migration in Turkey and its impact on the development axes. Paper pre-sented at the 9th Annual International Conference on Global Studies: Busi-ness, Economic, Social and Cultural Aspects, Athens, Greece.

Parr, J. B. (1981). Temporal change in a central-place system. Environment and Planning A, 13(1), 97-118.

Parr, J. B. (1985). A note on the size distribution of cities over time. Journal of Urban Economics, 18(2), 199-212.

Polèse, M., & Denis-Jacob, J. (2010). Changes at the top: a cross-country ex-amination over the 20th century of the rise (and fall) in rank of the top cities in national urban hierarchies. Urban Studies, 47(9), 1843-1860.

Pred, A. (1975). On the spatial struc-ture of organizations and the complex-ity of metropolitan interdependence. Papers in Regional Science, 35(1), 115-142.

Robinson, J. (2005). Urban geogra-phy: world cities, or a world of cities. Progress In Human Geography, 29(6), 757-765.

Rogers, A. (1984). Migration urban-ization and spatial population dynam-ics. London: Westview Press.

Rosen, K. T., & Resnick, M. (1980). The size distribution of cities: an exam-ination of the Pareto law and primacy. Journal of Urban Economics, 8(2), 165-186.

Rozman, G. (1978). Urban networks and historical stages. The Journal of In-terdisciplinary History, 9(1), 65-91.

Sawers, L. (1989). Urban primacy in Tanzania. Economic development and cultural change, 37(4), 841-859.

Schachter, G., Kraus, D. G., & Kim, S. (1978). Interregional Labor Migra-tion in Italy. Growth and Change, 9(1), 44-47.

Semple, R. K., & Golledge, R. (1970). An analysis of entropy changes in a set-tlement pattern over time. Economic Geography, 46(2), 157-160.

Storper, M., & Harrison, B. (1991). Flexibility, hierarchy and regional de-velopment: the changing structure of industrial production systems and their forms of governance in the 1990s. Research policy, 20(5), 407-422.

Suarez-Villa, L. (1988). Metropol-itan evolution, sectoral economic change, and the city size distribution. Urban Studies, 25(1), 1-20.

Tekeli, İ. (2008). Türkiye’de bölgesel eşitsizlik ve bölge planlama yazıları [Re-gional disparities and regional planning in Turkey]: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.

TUIK. (1953). Population censuses, 1927-1950.

TUIK. (2013). Population and Hous-ing Census 2011. Retrieved from Anka-ra:

TUIK. (2016). Population census reports. Retrieved from https://kut-uphane.tuik.gov.tr/yordambt/yordam. php

Turk, Ş., & Dokmeci, V. (2001). The application of expanded rank-size mod-el in Turkish urban settlements. Paper presented at the 41st Congress of the European Regional Science Associa-tion, Zagreb, Croatia.

United Nations. (2014). Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Pop-ulation Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, High-lights (ST/ESA/SER. A/352): United Nations New York, NY, USA.

Weber, A. (1898). The Growth of Cities. New York: Columbia University Press.

Wilson, A. G. (1978). Spatial inter-action and settlement structure: to-wards an explicit central place theory. In A. Karlqvist, L. Lundvist, F. Snickers, & J. W. Weibull (Eds.), Spatial Interac-tion Theory and Planning Models (pp. 137-156). Amsterdam: North-Holland.

Yazgi, B., Dokmeci, V., Koramaz, K., & Kiroglu, G. (2014). Impact of characteristics of origin and destination provinces on migration: 1995–2000. European Planning Studies, 22(6), 1182-1198.

Zeyneloğlu, S. (2008). Türkiye’de Yerleşim Birimlerinin Dağılımı ve Merkezî Yerlerin Nüfuslarındaki Değişim: Dengeli Bir Yerleşim Dağılımı İçin Öneriler. (Ph.D.), Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.