Policy-oriented urban planning in 1930s in Turkey: İzmit Urban Plan

Following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, urbanism became one of main issues in the agenda of the State. Between 1923 and 1940, 117 cities and towns in Anatolia and Rumelia were planned. After planning cities demolished during the War of Independence, in pursuit of Great Depression in 1929, Etatism and Populism principles became basis for policy-oriented development of urban space. This study aims at examining İzmit Urban Plan in 1935 (by Hermann Jansen) in the context of urban planning approaches and 1930s’ political structure of the Republic of Turkey. In this perspective, this article is divided into three main parts. In the first part, I discuss 19th Century and 20th Century prevailing approaches of Urbanism in Europe and their relevance in Turkey’s Urban Planning Practice. In the second part, I manifest general structure, issues, and different periods of Early Republican Urban Planning in Turkey. In the third part, I discuss importance of İzmit Urban Plan in this period as a model in addition to analyzing basic design and planning principles of the Plan. Further, I scrutinize similarities and differ-ences of the Plan with European urbanism models.

___

Asiliskender, B. (2009). Anadolu’da modern bir yaşam kurmak: Sümerbank Kayseri bez fabrikası ve lojmanları (Es-tablishing a modern life in Anatolia: Sümerbank Kayseri cotton mill and lodgements). In A. Cengizkan (Ed.), Fabrika’da barınmak. Erken Cumhuri-yet Döneminde Türkiye’de İşçi Konutları: Yaşam, Mekan ve Kent (1st ed., pp. 111-131). Ankara, Turkey: Arkadaş Yayın-ları.

Avdan, F. (2009). Cumhuriyet dönemi kentleşme sürecinde planlama deneyimi: 1930-1980 İzmit planları (Urban plan-ning experience in the Republican Era urbanization process: İzmit urban plans between 1930 and 1980)(Unpublished master’s thesis). Kocaeli University, İzmit, Turkey. Retrieved from https:// tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp

Bilsel, C. (1996). Ideology and urban-ism during the Early Republican Period: two master plans for İzmir and scenar-ios of modernization. METU Journal of Faculty of Architecture, 16(1-2), 13-30.

Breitling, P. (1980). The role of the competition in the genesis of urban planning: German and Austria in the Nineteenth Century in the rise of mod-ern urban planning 1800-1914. In A. Sutcliffe (Ed., pp. 31-55). London, UK: Mansell.

Bollerey, F., & Hartmann, K. (1980). A patriarchal utopia: The Garden City and housing reform in Germany at the turn of the century, in the rise of mod-ern urban planning 1800-1914. In A. Sutcliffe (Ed., pp. 135-166). London, UK: Mansell.

Boratav, K. (1998). Türkiye iktisat tarihi 1908-1985 (Economic history of Turkey 1908-1985)(6th ed.). İstanbul, Turkey: Gerçek Yayınevi.

Choay, F. (1969). The modern city: planning in the 19th Century. In H. Collins, & G., R. Collins (Trans.). Netherlands: George Braziller Inc.

Çalışkan, O. (2003). Anadolu’da bir “yarı-çevre modernite deneyimi”: Ke-malizm’in şehirciliği (A “semi-periph-eral modernity experience” in Anato-lia: Urbanism of Kemalism). Planlama, 3, 14-23.

Doğan, Ç., E. (2009). Nazilli Basma Fabrikası yerleşimi: Tarihçe ve yaşantı (Nazilli Printwork Factory settlement: History and living). In A. Cengiz-kan (Ed.), Fabrika’da barınmak. Erken Cumhuriyet Döneminde Türkiye’de İşçi Konutları: Yaşam, Mekan ve Kent (1st ed., pp. 77-111). Ankara, Turkey: Ark-adaş Yayınları.

Günay, B. (1988). History of CIAM and Team 10. METU Journal of Faculty of Architecture, 8 (1), 23-44.

Howard, E. (1902). Garden cities of to-morrow. London, UK: Sonnen-schein and Co. Ltd.

İnan, A. (1972). Devletçilik ilkesi ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin birinci sanayi planı 1933 (The principle of statism and the First Industrial Plan of the Republic of Turkey). Ankara, Turkey: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.

İnan, A. (1989a). İzmir İktisat Kon-gresi (İzmir Economy Congress). An-kara, Turkey: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.

İnan, A. (1989b). Türkiye Cumhuri-yeti’nin ikinci sanayi planı 1936 (The Second Industrial Plan of the Republic of Turkey). Ankara, Turkey: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.

Jansen, H. (1936). Prof. Hermann Jansen’in İzmit planına dair raporu (Professor Hermann Jansen’s report about İzmit plan). Belediyeler, 6, 32-36.

Karakaya, E. (2011). A manifesta-tion of political and social dynamics behind Turkish urban planning: dom-inance of French and German Ecoles. In M. Dündar, S. Tanrıöver, N., Ü. Gül-mez, & Kültür, S. (Eds.), Archi-cultural translation through the Silkroad (pp. 411-422). İstanbul, Turkey: Bahçeşehir University Press.

Karakaya, E. (2010). Construction of the republic in city space: from po-litical ideal to planning principles (Un-published master’s thesis), Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. Retrieved from https://etd.lib.metu. edu.tr/upload/12612489/index.pdfb

Karakaya, E. (2012a, July). Estab-lishment of national economic space: Jansen’s urban planning in the southern Anatolia. Paper presented at the AE-SOP-Association of European Schools of Planning Congress 2012, Ankara, Turkey.

Karakaya, E. (2012b, November). Orta Anadolu’da bir tarım odağı kur-mak: 1940 Yılı Çorum ve çevresi plan-lama deneyimi (Constituting an agri-culture focus in the Middle Anatolia: Planning experience in Çorum and environs in 1940). Paper presented at the Uluslararası Cumhuriyet’ten Günümüze Şehir ve Şehircilik Sem-pozyumu (International Urban and Urbanism from the Republic to today Symposium)2012, Çorum, Turkey.

Karakaya, E. (2012c, July). Recon-struction of Anatolia for the construction of Nation-State: roles attained to Ankara and İzmir. Paper presented at the 15th International Planning History Society (IPHS) Conference, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Keskinok, Ç. (2010). Urban plan-ning experience of turkey in the 1930s. METU Journal of Faculty of Architec-ture, 27 (2), 173-188.

Keskinok, Ç., Karakaya, E. (2010). Türkiye’de erken cumhuriyet dönemi kent planlarının incelenmesi ve belgeliği-nin oluşturulması (Examination of the Early Republican Era city plans in Tur-key and constitution of archive)(Grant No: BAP 02-02-2010-02, Scientific Re-search Project). Ankara: Middle East Technical University.

Kezer, Z. (2015). Building Modern Turkey: State, Space, and Ideology in the Early Republic. Pitsburgh, the USA: University of Pitsburgh Press.

Öz, K. (1936a). İzmit urbayı bay Kemal Öz’ün İzmit planına dair izahı (İzmit mayor Mr. Kemal Öz’s explana-tion about İzmit urban plan), Belediye-ler Dergisi, 6, 28-38.

Öz, K. (1936b). İzmit Urayı’nın bayındırlık işlerinden (Public Works in İzmit Municipality), Belediyeler Dergi-si, 6, 88-91.

Saban-Ökesli, D. (2009). Hermann Jansen’s planning principles and his ur-ban legacy in Adana. METU Journal of Faculty of Architecture, 26 (2), 45-67.

Sutcliffe, A. (1980). The rise of mod-ern urban planning: 1800-1914. Lon-don, UK: Mansell.

Tarn, J. N. (1980). Housing reform and the emergence of town planning in Britain before 1914. In A. Sutcliffe (Ed.), The rise of modern urban plan-ning 1800-1914 (pp. 71-99). London, UK: Mansell.

Tekeli, İ. (2005). Kent tarihi yazımı konusunda yeni bir paradigma öner-isi (A new paradigm proposal about urban historiography). In: T. Şen-yapılı (Ed.), Cumhuriyet’in Ankara’sı (pp. 3-22). Ankara, Turkey: ODTÜ Geliştirme Vakfı Yayınları.

Tankut, G. (1993). Bir başkentin İmarı (The construction of a capital city), İstanbul, Turkey: Anahtar Kita-plar.

Tekeli, İ. (1980). Türkiye’de kent planlamasının tarihsel kökleri (His-torical roots of urban planning in Tur-key). In T. Gök (Ed.), Türkiye’de imar planlaması (pp. 8-113). Ankara, Tur-key: ODTÜ Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü Yayınları.