Koruma Sorumluluğu Doktrini Açısından Suriye Krizi: Bir ‘İnsancıl Müdahalesizlik’ Örneği

2001 yılında “Müdahale ve Devlet Egemenliği Uluslararası Komisyonu” (Inter- national Commission on Intervention and State Soverignity (ICISS)) tarafından ortaya atılan Koruma Sorumluluğu normu (KoS), soykırım, savaş suçları, etnik temizlik ve insanlığa karşı suçlar gibi ciddi nitelikteki insan hakları ihlallerini, in- sancıl koruma amaçlı askeri müdahaleler için ‘eşik’ olarak belirlemektedir. Suriye krizi 2011 yılındaki başlangıcından günümüze, söz konusu ciddi insan hakları ih- lallerinin vuku bulduğu büyük çaplı bir insancıl kriz örneği teşkil etmektedir. Bu bağlamda KoS için eşik olarak belirlenen durumları fazlasıyla aşmış olmasına rağ- men Suriye’ye yönelik bir insancıl askeri müdahalenin neden gerçekleştirilmediği ciddi tartışmalar yaratmaktadır. Neden müdahale edilmediğine ilişkin açıklamalar, Suriye krizinin kendine has koşullarının ve uluslararası politikanın dinamikleri- nin bir insancıl müdahaleye izin vermediği ve olası bir müdahalenin daha kötü sonuçlar doğurabileceği çerçevesinde ortaya atılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, insancıl koruma misyonu çerçevesinde inşa edilmiş olan KoS doktrininin, müdahale edil- meyen durumlarda da insancıl gerekçeler üretilmesine zemin hazırlayan araçlar sunduğu iddia edilmektedir. Bu durum çalışmada, ‘insancıl müdahalesizlik’ olarak adlandırılmakta ve KoS açısından yarattığı çelişkiler bağlamında ele alınmaktadır

Syrian Crisis in Terms of the Responsibility to Protect Doctrine: an Example of ‘Humanitarian Non-Intervention’

The responsibility to protect (RtoP) which was put forward by the ‘International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty’ (ICISS) in 2001, determined serious violations of human rights such as genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity as a ‘just cause threshold’ for the military intervention for human protection purposes. From the beginning of the conflicts in 2011 to present day, Syrian case has evolved into a huge humanitarian crisis in which serious human rights violations have occurred. In this context, despite the humanitarian crisis went far beyond situations which set ‘threshold’ for the RtoP why any humanitarian military intervention is not accomplished has triggered serious debates. The explanations considering why there is not an intervention has been put forward within the framework of the conditions peculiar to the Syrian case, dynamics of the international politics which do not allow to any military intervention and the possibility of a ‘more harm than good’ as a result of an intervention. In this study, it is argued that the RtoP doctrine built within the framework of the humanitarian protection mission offers tools that provide legitimate grounds for the non-intervention situations. This dilemma which is conceptualized as ‘humanitarian non-intervention’ in this study is discussed within the context of the efficacy of RtoP doctrine

___

  • ‘2005 World Summit Outcome’, A/RES/60/1, 24 Ekim 2005. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg/Re- sources/Attach/Indicators/ares60_1_2005summit_eng.pdf (12.06.17)
  • ‘A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility’, 2005, paragraf 203, s.66. http://www.un.org/ en/peacebuilding/pdf/historical/hlp_more_secure_world.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 05 Ağustos 2017)
  • Amnesty International, Syria 2016/2017. https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/middle-east- and-north-africa/syria/report-syria/ (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Ağustos 2017).
  • Annan, Kofi A. We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st. Century, (New York: United Nations Department of Public İnformation, 2000).
  • Axworthy, Lloyd. ‘In Libya, we move toward a more humane World’, The Globe and Mail, 23 Ağustos 2011. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/in-libya-we-move-toward-a-mo- re-humane-world/article626440/ (Erişim Tarihi: 6 Ağustos 2017).
  • Barnard, Anne. ‘Death Toll From War in Syria Now 470,000, Group Finds’, New York Times, 11 Şubat 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/12/world/middleeast/death-toll-from-war- in-syria-now-470000-group-finds.html?register=facebook (Erişim Tarihi: 19 Temmuz 2016)
  • Bass, Gary J. Freedom’s Battle: The Origins of Humanitarian Intervention, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008).
  • Bellamy,Alex J. ve Paul D. Williams, ‘The New Politics of Protection? Core d’Ivorie, Libya and the Responsibility to Protect’, International Affairs, Vol.87, No.4, 2011.
  • Bew, John. ‘From an umpire to a competitor: Castlereagh, Canning and the issue of interna- tional intervention in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars’, içinde Brendan Simms ve D. J. B. Trim, (ed.) Humanitarian Intervention: A History, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
  • Binder, Martin. ‘Humanitarian Crises and the International Politics of Selectivity’, Human Rights Review, 2009.
  • Carment, David ve Joe Landry. ‘R2P in Syria: Regional Dimensions’ içinde Robert W. Murray ve Alasdair Mckay, (ed.) Into the Eleventh Hour: R2P, Syria and Humanitarianism in Crisis, (Bristol: E-International Relations, 2014).
  • Chesterman, Simon. Just War and Just Peace?: Humanitarian Intervention and International Law, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).
  • Cunliffe, Phillip. ‘The Responsibility to Protect and the New Liberal Dystopianism’, içinde Ro- bert W. Murray ve Alasdair Mckay, (ed.) Into the Eleventh Hour: R2P, Syria and Humanita- rianism in Crisis, (Bristol: E-International Relations, 2014).
  • Doyle, Michael W. The Question of Intervention: John Stuart Mill and Responsibility to Protect, (London: Yale University Press, 2015).
  • Eldem, Tuba. ‘Koruma Sorumluluğu Normunun Libya ve Suriye Krizleri Bağlamında İşlevselli- ği’, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, Cilt:11, Sayı:43, 2015.
  • Erameh, Nicholas Idris. ‘Humanitarian Intervention, Syria and the Politics of Human Rights Protection’, The International Journal of Human Rights, Vol.21, No.5, 2017.
  • Ercan, Pınar Gözen. ‘İkinci On Yılına Girerken Koruma Sorumluluğunu Yeniden Düşünmek: Lex Ferenda Olarak R2P’, Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt. 5, No. 2, 2015.
  • Ercan, Pınar Gözen. ‘R2P: From Slogan to an International Ethical Norm’, Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, Cilt:11, No:43, 2014.
  • Evans, Gareth. ‘Can We Stop Atrocities wiyhout Launching an All-out War’, Foreign Policy, 18 Ekim 2011. http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/18/did-qaddafis-end-justify-the-means/ (Eri- şim Tarihi: 6 Haziran 2017)
  • Falk, Richard. Humanitarian Intervention and Legitimacy Wars: Seeking Peace and Justice in the 21st Century, (New York: Routledge, 2015).
  • https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/a-mini-world-war-rages-in-the-fi
  • elds-of-aleppo/2016/02/14/d2dfff02-d340-11e5-a65b-587e721fb231_story.html?utm_term=.
  • f5541d8ca811 (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Ağustos 2017)
  • ‘Suriye krizi: Muhalif siyasi güçler’, BBC, 30 Ekim 2013. http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haber- ler/2013/10/131029_suriye_muhalif_gruplar (Erişim Tarihi: 8 Ağustos 2017)
  • ‘Syria crisis: Where key countries stand’, BBC, 30 Ekim 2015. http://www.bbc.com/news/world- middle-east-23849587 (Erişim Tarihi: 8 Ağustos 2017)
  • ‘Syria death toll: UN envoy estimates 400,000 killed’, Al Jazeera, 23 Nisan 2016. http://www.aljaze- era.com/news/2016/04/staffan-de-mistura-400000-killed-syria-civil-war-160423055735629. html (Erişim Tarihi: 19 Temmuz 2016)
  • ‘Syrian President Bashar al-Assad: Facing down rebellion’, BBC, 21 Ekim 2015. http://www.bbc. com/news/10338256 (Erişimi Tarihi: 8 Ağsutos 2017)
  • ‘Syria’s civil war explained from the beginning’, Aljazeera, 5 Ağustos 2017. http://www.aljaze- era.com/news/2016/05/syria-civil-war-explained-160505084119966.html (Erişim Tarihi: 8 Ağustos 2017)
  • Teson, Fernando. Humanitarian Intervention: An Inquiry into Law and Morality, (New York: Transnational Pub., 1997).
  • Thakur, Ramesh. ‘R2P After Libya and Syria: Engaging Emerging Powers’, The Washington Qu- arterly, Vol.36 No.2, 2013.
  • Thakur, Ramesh. ‘Syria and the Responsibility to Protect’, içinde Robert W. Murray ve Alasdair Mckay, (ed.) Into the Eleventh Hour: R2P, Syria and Humanitarianism in Crisis, (Bristol: E-International Relations, 2014).
  • The Kosovo Report: Conflict, Internaitonal Response, Lessons Learned, (Oxford: Oxford Uni- versity Press, 2000).
  • The Responsibility to Protect, Report of The International Commission on Intervention and State Soverignty, Aralık 2001. http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdf (Erişim Ta- rihi: 12 Haziran 2017)
  • ‘The Responsibility to Protect: Who is responsible for protecting people from gross violations of human rights?’, Background Note: United Nations Department of Public Information, Mart 2012. http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/pdf/bgresponsibility.pdf (Erişim Ta- rihi: 22 Haziran 2017)
  • ‘UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria: ISIS is committing genocide against the Yazidis’, UN Hu- man Rights Office of the High Commissioner, 16 Haziran 2016. http://www.ohchr.org/en/ NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20113&LangID=E (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Tem- muz 2016)
  • United Nations General Assembly A/RES/63/308 (2009).
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Syria Regional Refugee Response. http://data. unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php (Erişim Tarihi: 19 Temmuz 2016)
  • United Nations Security Council Resolution, S/RES/1674 (2006).
  • United Nations Security Council Resolution, S/RES/1706 (2006).
  • United Nations Security Council Resolution, S/RES/1973 (2011).
  • United Nations Security Council Resolution, S/RES/1975 (2011).
  • Weiss, Thomas G. ‘Military Humanitarianism: Syria Hasn’t Killed It’, The Washington Quarter- ly, Vol.37, No.1, 2014.
  • Wheeler, Nicholas ve Justin Morris. ‘Justfiying the Iraq War as a Humanitarian Intervention: The Cure is the Worse than Disease’, içinde Ramesh Thakur ve W. P. Singh Sidhu, (ed.) The Iraq Crisis and World Order: Structural, Instituonal and Normative Challenges, (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2006).
  • ‘Why China and Russia rebuffed the West on Syria’, BBC, http://www.bbc.com/news/world- middle-east-15180732 (Erişim Tarihi: 8 Ağustos 2017)
  • Williams, Paul D. ‘The Road to Humanitarian War in Libya’, Global Responsibility to Protect, No.3, 2011.
  • Yapıcı, Merve İrem. ‘Bosna Hersek’te Gerçekleştirilen Askeri Müdahalenin Uluslararası Hukuk- taki Yeri’, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, Cilt 2, No. 8, 2007.
  • Zorthian, Julia. ‘Who’s Fighting Who In Syria’, Time, 7 Ekim 2015. http://time.com/4059856/sy- ria-civil-war-explainer/ (Erişim Tarihi: 19 Temmuz 2016)