Yoksullukla Mücadeleye İnsan Hakları Açısından Bakmak: Amartya Sen’in Kapasite (Capability) Yaklaşımı Temelinde Bir Değerlendirme

Yoksullukla mücadele konusu ağırlıklı olarak 1990’lı yıllardan itibaren uluslararası alanda yoğun bir şekilde tartışılmaktadır. Bu süreçte şüphesiz 1980’li yıllardan itibaren Dünya Bankası ve IMF öncülüğünde gelişmekte olan ve az gelişmiş ülkelerde uygulanan yapısal uyum politikalarının yoksulluk sorunu açısından yarattığı olumsuzluklar etkili olmuştur. Yapısal uyum politikaları sürecinde yoksulluk sorununun ekonomik büyümeyle birlikte çözümlenebilecek bir sorun olarak görülmesi, yoksullukla mücadele ve kalkınma konularının ekonomik büyüme merkezli ve gelir odaklı olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu makalede, özellikle 1990’lı yıllardan itibaren öne çıkan insan hakları ile kalkınma ve yoksulluk söylemleri arasındaki yakınlaşmaya dikkat çekilmektedir. Yoksullukla mücadeleye egemen bakış açısından farklı bir yaklaşım olarak insan hakları açısından yaklaşılmasının arka planı, Amartya Sen’in kapasite yaklaşımı çerçevesinde analiz edilmektedir. Amartya Sen’in kapasite yaklaşımı, yoksulluğu temel kapasitelerden yoksunluk olarak ele almakta ve gelir dışındaki (nonincome) değişkenlere odaklanmaktadır. Amartya Sen’in kapasite yaklaşımı üzerine inşa edilen ve Birleşmiş Milletler Kalkınma Programı tarafından geliştirilen insani gelişme ve insani yoksulluk kavramsallaştırması ise yoksulluk ve insan hakları söylemlerinin birbirine yaklaşmasında etkili olmuştur. Amartya Sen, temel özgürlüklerin ve insan hakları anlayışının iktisadi analizlerde yer almasının kritik bir öneme sahip olduğu konusunda uluslararası gündemin dikkatini çekmeyi başarmıştır. Yoksullukla mücadelenin insan hakları eksenli bir yaklaşımla ele alınması, hem yoksulluğun mahiyetinin daha iyi anlaşılmasına neden olabilecek hem de yoksullukla mücadelenin meşru bir temele dayanan daha elverişli politika araçlarıyla gerçekleştirilebilmesine olanak tanıyacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Yoksulluk, Kapasite Yaklaşımı, İnsani Gelişme, İnsan Hakları, Yoksullukla Mücadele

Approaching To Struggle Against Poverty From The Point Of View Of Human Rights: An Evaluation Based On The Capability Approach Of Amartya Sen

The issue of struggle against poverty has been discussed intensively in the international arena especially from the beginning of 1990s. In this period, it is unquestionable that the problems arisen from the structural adjustment policies applied in developing and underdeveloped countries from the 1980s have negative effects on poverty. In the period of structural adjustment, the view dealing poverty as a problem which could be solved with the rise of economic growth shows that the issues of development and struggle against poverty is growth- centered and income- focused. In this paper, the convergence between the human rights and poverty discourses which has become widespread from the 1990s is drawn attention as a different paradigm to fight against poverty. The background of the approach to struggle against poverty from the point of view of human rights is analyzed in the framework of capability approach developed by Amartya Sen. In his capability approach, Amartya Sen deals with poverty as the deprivations of basic capabilities and he focuses on the non-income variables. The concepts of human development and human poverty built upon the capability approach of Amaryta Sen and developed by UNDP have been effective for the convergence of the issues of poverty and human rights. With his research agenda, Amartya Sen has succeeded in drawing international attention on the critical importance of fundamental freedoms and human rights for economic analysis. Approaching to struggle against poverty from the point of view of human rights will contribute both to being well understood of the nature of poverty and to the implementation of the effective policy instruments based on justifiable reasons for the struggle against poverty

Keywords:

Poverty, Capability Approach, Human Development, Human Rights, Struggle against Poverty,

PDF

___

Alston, Philip. (2005). “Ships Passing in the Night: The Current State of the Human Rights and Development Debate Seen Through the Lens of the Millennium Development Goals”, Human Rights Quarterly 27: 755-829.
Anand, Sudhir, Sen, Amartya. (1997). “Concepts of Human Development and Poverty: A Multidimensional Perspective”, Poverty and Human Development, UNDP, Human Development Papers, New York: 1-19.
Booth, D. (2003). “Are PRSPs Making a Difference? The African Experience: Introduction and Oveview”, Development Policy Review, 21:2: 131-159.
Cammack, P. (2004). “What the World Bank Means by Poverty Reduction, and why it matters?, New Political Economy; Vol. 9, no.2: 189-211.
Erdoğan, Mustafa. (2007). İnsan Hakları Teorisi ve Hukuku. Orion Kİtabevi, Ankara.
Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko. (2003a). “The Human Development Paradigm: Operationalizing Sen’s Ideas on Capabilities”, Feminist Economics 9 (2-3): 301-317.
Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko. (2003b). “Rescuing The Human Development Concept from the HDI: Reflections on a New Agenda” in Readings in Human Development, edited by Sakiko Fukuda-Parr and A.K. Shiva Kumar, Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press: 117-124.
Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko. (2011a). “Theory and Policy in International Development: Human Development and Capability Approach and the Millennium Development Goals”, International Studies Review (13): 122- 132.
Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko. (2011b). “The Metrics of Human Rights: Complementarities of the Human Development and Capabilities Approach”, Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, Vol.12, No.1: 73-89.
Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko and Hulme, David. (2011). “International Norm Dynamics and the “End of Poverty”: Understanding the Millennium Development Goals”, Global Governance 17: 17-36.
Kanbur, Ravi. (2007). “Attacking Poverty: What is the Value Added of a Human Rights Approach?”, Notes for an expert seminar on human rights and poverty, organized by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/poverty/expert/docs/Ravi_Kanbur.pdf: 1-5. Geneva, February 23-24, (Erişim)
Klugman, J. (2002). A Sourcebook for Poverty Reduction Strategies, Washington: World Bank.
Mcneill, Desmond. (2007). “Human Development: The Power of the Idea”, Journal of Human Development, Vol.8, No.1: 5-22.
Macpherson, Stewart, Richard Silburn. (1998). “The Meaning and Measurement of Poverty”, Ed. John Dixon, David Macarow, Routledge.
Metin, Banu. (2013). “’Neoliberal Yapısal Uyum Politikalarından’ ‘Kapsayıcı Kalkınma Kalkınma Çerçevesine’ Dünya Bankasının Yoksulluk Sorununa Yaklaşımı”, Çalışma ve Toplum (37): 211-233.
Nussbaum, Martha C. (2011). “Capabilities, Entitlements, Rights: Supplementation and Critique”, Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, Vol.12, No.1: 23-37.
Oppenheim, Carey, Harker, Lisa. (1996). Poverty: the facts, 3. Edition, London: CPAG Ltd.
Osmani, Siddiqur Rahman. (2005). “Poverty and Human Rights: Building on the Capability Approach” Journal of Human Development, Vol.6, No.2: 205-219.
Pender, J. (2001). “From “Structural Adjustment” to “Comprehensive Development Framework”: Conditionality Transformed?”, Third World Quarterly, Vol.22, No.3: 397-411.
Ruckert, A. (2006) “Towards an Inclusive-Neoliberal Regime of Development: From the Washington to the Post-Washington Consensus”, LABOUR, Capital and Society, 39/1: 35-67.
Sen, Amartya. (1983). “Poor, Relatively Speaking”, Oxford Economic Papers, New Series, Vol.35, No.2: 153- 169.
Sen, Amartya. (1989). “Development as Capability Expansion”, Journal of Development Planning 19: 41-58.
Sen, Amartya. (2000). “A Decade of Human Development”, Journal of Human Development, Vol.1, No.1: 17- 23.
Sen, Amartya. (2004a). Özgürlükle Kalkınma, Çev. Yavuz Alogan, İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
Sen, Amartya. (2004b). “Elements of a Theory of Human Rights”, Philosophy and Public Affairs, Fall, 2004: 315-356.
Sen, Amartya. (2005). “Human Rights and Capabilities”, Journal of Human Development, Vol.6, No.2: 151-166.
Sen, Amartya. (2007). “Capability and well-being”, The Philosophy of Economics, Edited by Daniel M. Hausman, Cambridge University Press: 270-293.
Sengupta, Arjun K. (2002). “On the Theory and Practice of the Right to Development”, Human Rights Quarterly 24: 837-889.
Sengupta, Arjun K. (2007). Extreme Poverty and Human Rights, A Mission Report on the United States, (Erişim), http://ssrn.com/abstract: 961230.
Sengupta, Arjun K. (2010). “Human Rights and Extreme Poverty”, Economic & Political Weekly, April 24, Vol. XLV, No.17: 85-93.
Speth, James Gustave. (1998). “Poverty: A Denial of Human Rights”, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 52, No.1: 277-292.
Şenses, F. (2006). Küreselleşmenin Öteki Yüzü Yoksulluk, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
Townsend, Peter. (1962). “The Meaning of Poverty”, The British Journal of Sociology, Vol.13, No.3: 210-227.
UNDP. (1990). Human Development Report 1990, Concept and Measurement of Human Development, New York: Oxford University Press.
UNDP. (1997). Human Development Report 1997, Human Development to Eradicate Poverty, New York: Oxford University Press.
United Nations, Declaration on the Right to Development, 4 December 1986, (Erişim) http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/41/a41r128.htm
UNDP. (2000). Human Development Report 2000, Human Rights and Human Development, New York: Oxford University Press.
United Nations. (2004). Human Rights and Poverty Reduction: A Conceptual Framework, New York and Geneva.
United Nations. (2013). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2013, New York.
Vatterlein. (2007). “Economic Growth, Poverty Reduction, and the Role of Social Policies: The Evolution of the World Bank’s Social Development Approach”, Global Governance 2007/13: 513-533.