Cumhuriyetçi Parti ve Demokrat Parti’nin ABD Siyasal Sisteminde Fikir Ayrılığı Yaşadığı Beş Temel Konu

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri siyasi parti sisteminde, birçok parti Başkanlık yarışında olsa dahi, temelde iki büyük parti olan Cumhuriyetçi Parti ve Demokrat Parti kıyasıya rekabet içerisindedirler. Bu partiler, tarihsel süreçte ve günümüzde bazı siyasal konular üzerine farklı bakış açıları geliştirmişlerdir. Çalışma, yarış içerisindeki bu iki partinin ayrıştığı beş önemli siyasi ihtilaf konusunu incelemektedir.

___

  • • 2008 Republican Party Platform, 01.09.2008, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/2008-republican-party-platform.
  • • 2012 Democratic Party Platform, 03.09.2012, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/2012-democratic-party-platform.
  • • 2012 Republican Party Platform, 27.08.2012, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/2012-republican-party-platform.
  • • 2016 Republican Party Platform, 18.07.2016, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/2016-republican-party-platform.
  • • ABC News (2012), “Transcript: Robin Roberts ABC News Interview With President Obama”, 10.05.2012, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/transcript-robin-roberts-abc-news-interview-president-obama/story?id=16316043.
  • • Advocate.com (2015), “READ: Donald Trump’s Advocate Interview Where He Defends Gays Mexicans”, 28.09.2015, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.advocate.com/election/2015/9/28/read-donald-trumps-advocate-interview-where-he-defends-gays-mexicans.
  • • Allen, Jonathan & Kim, Seung Min Kim (2011), “Libya votes Show House divided”, Politico, 24.06.20211, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.politico.com/story/2011/06/libya-votes-show-house-divided-057711.
  • • Angell, Tom (2020), “Top Trump Campaign Spokesman: Marijuana Must Be “Kept Illegal””, Forbes, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomangell/2020/02/19/top-trump-campaign-spokesman-marijuana-must-be-kept-illegal/?sh=4b274105762b.
  • • Angell, Tom (2020), “Trump Says Marijuana Makes People “Lose IQ Points” In Secret Recording”, Forbes, 19.02.2020, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomangell/2020/01/25/trump-says-marijuana-makes-people-lose-iq-points-in-secret-recording/?sh=ce8790549c71.
  • • Asher, Saira (2019), “Barack Obama: Women are better leaders than men”, BBC, 16.12.2019, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50805822.
  • • Aydın, Hasan (2019), “Beklentiler ve gerçekler arasında Trump yönetiminin Afrika politikası”, Anadolu Ajansı, 28.10.2019, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/beklentiler-ve-gercekler-arasinda-trump-yonetiminin-afrika-politikasi/1628417.
  • • Berkes, Niyazi (1946), Siyasi Partiler. İstanbul: Yurt ve Dünya Yayınları.
  • • CNN (2004), “Bush calls for ban on same-sex marriages”, 25.02.2004, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://edition.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/02/24/elec04.prez.bush.marriage/.
  • • Congress.gov (2009), “H.R. 3590 – Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act”, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/3590/.
  • • Congress.gov (2019), “H.R. 1585 – Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019” , Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1585/text.
  • • Crockett, Emily & Garcia, Michelle (2017), “Why Donald Trump keeps calling Elizabeth Warren “Pocahontas””, Vox, 27.11.2017, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.vox.com/2016/5/16/11684776/elizabeth-warren-pocahontas.
  • • Dao, James (2004), “Same-Sex Marriage Issue Key to Some G.O.P. Races”, The New York Times, 04.11.2004, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/04/politics/campaign/samesex-marriage-issue-key-to-some-gop-races.html.
  • • Davenport, Kelsey (2020), “Timeline of Nuclear Diplomacy With Iran”, Arms Control Association, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Timeline-of-Nuclear-Diplomacy-With-Iran.
  • • De Vogue, Ariane (2016), “Trump: Same-sex marriage is “settled”, but Roe v Wade can be changed”, CNN, 15.11.2016, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/14/politics/trump-gay-marriage-abortion-supreme-court/index.html.
  • • Democrats.org, “Women”, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://democrats.org/who-we-are/who-%20we-serve/women/.
  • • Drabold, Will (2016), “Read the Republican Platform on Same-Sex Marriage, Guns and Wall Street”, Time, 18.07.2016, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://time.com/4411842/republican-platform-same-sex-marriage-abortion-guns-wall-street/.
  • • Drug Rehab, “The Republican Party Policies on Substance Abuse”, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.drugrehab.com/featured/republicans-substance-abuse-policies/.
  • • Estepa, Jessica (2015), “Donald Trump on Carly Fiorina: “Look at that face!””, USA Today, 10.09.2015, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/09/10/trump-fiorina-look-face/71992454/.
  • • Glass, Andrew (2017), “United States invades Grenada, Oct. 25, 1983”, Politico, 25.10.2017, Erişim Tarihi: 21.03.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.politico.com/story/2017/10/25/united-states-invades-grenada-oct-25-1983-244072.
  • • Goldmacher, Shane (2016), “Why Trump is so obsessed with generals”, Politico, 09.12.2016, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/trump-generals-cabinet-232396.
  • • Goodwin, Ralph R. & Mabon, David W. & Stauffer, David H. (1976), “Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, The United Nations; The Western Hemisphere, Volume II”, Office of The Historian, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v02.
  • • Göktürk, Gökhan (2016), “Siyasal Partilerin Doğuşu: Tarihsel ve Toplumsal Kökenleri”, Journal of Sociological Studies, Sayı: 54, ss. 245-273.
  • • Graves, Lucia (2017), “Trump once said women should be punished for abortion. Now, he’s making it happen”, The Guardian, 24.01.2017, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jan/24/trump-once-said-women-should-be-punished-for-abortion-t.
  • • Guilford, Gwynn (2016), “Donald Trump’s “support” of LGBT communities in one image”, Quartz, 31.10.2016, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://qz.com/823649/donald-trump-unfurled-a-rainbow-flag-with-lgbt-written-on-it-at-a-rally-in-greeley-colorado-to-express-his-so-called-support/.
  • • Gwynne, Kristen (2014), “This Republican Congressman Is Trying to Keep the War on Weed Alive”, Vice, 28.09.2014, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.vice.com/en/article/exmq9e/this-republican-congressman-is-keeping-reefer-madness-alive-927.
  • • Holpuch, Amanda (2016), “Muslim woman ejected from Donald Trump rally after silent protest”, The Guardian, 09.01.2016, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jan/09/muslim-woman-ejected-donald-trump-rally-silent-protest.
  • • Hoover, Pierce (2020), “What is Trump’s Position on Marijuana”, CannaMD, 19.01.2020, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.cannamd.com/what-is-trumps-position-on-marijuana/.
  • • Jaeger, Kyle (2019), “Trump Says Drug Prohibition Doesn’t Work During Vaping Meeting”, Marijuanamoment, 25.11.2019, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.marijuanamoment.net/trump-says-drug-prohibition-doesnt-work-during-vaping-meeting/.
  • • Kulacki, Gregory (2016), “Trump’s Asia Advisors Want to Scrap the “Three Communiques” with China”, All Things Nuclear, 07.12.2016, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://allthingsnuclear.org/gkulacki/trumps-asia-advisors-want-to-scrap-the-three-communiques-with-china.
  • • Letsch, Constanze (2014), “US drops weapons and ammunition to help Kurdish fighters in Kobani”, The Guardian, 20.10.2014, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/20/turkey-iraqi-kurds-kobani-isis-fighters-us-air-drops-arms.
  • • NBC News (2015), “Trump in 1999:”I am Very Pro-Choice”, 08.07.2015, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/video/trump-in-1999-i-am-very-pro-choice-480297539914.
  • • Obama White House, “Working together to open the doors of education for girls around the World”, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/letgirlslearn.
  • • On The Issues, “Democratic Party on Civil Rights”, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/Democratic_Party_Civil_Rights.htm.
  • • PBS (2015), “Trump defends debate statements, says “women are tremendous””, 09.08.2015, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/trump-defends-debate-statements-says-women-tremendous.
  • • Pogue, Forrest C. (2020), “George Catlett Marshall”, Britannica, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-C-Marshall.
  • • Politico (2016), “Full text: Donald Trump 2016 RNC draft speech transcript”, 21.07.2016, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.politico.com/story/2016/07/full-transcript-donald-trump-nomination-acceptance-speech-at-rnc-225974.
  • • Reno, Annika (2016), “A Look At The Obama Administration’s Legacy On Women’s Rights”, Global Citizen, 29.07.2016, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/white-house-legacy-on-womens-rights/.
  • • Republican Views (2015), “Democratic Views on Foreign Aid”, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.Republican Views.org/democratic-views-on-foreign-aid/.
  • • Republican Views (2015), “Republican Views on Drugs”, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.Republican Views.org/republican-views-on-drugs/.
  • • Republican Views (2016), “Democratic Views on Gay Rights”, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.republicanviews.org/democratic-views-on-gay-rights/.
  • • Republican Views (2018), “Democratic Views on Foreign Policy”, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.Republican Views.org/democratic-views-on-foreign-policy/.
  • • Rhodan, Maya (2016), “President Obama at Women’s Summit: This Is What a Feminist Looks Like”, Time, 14.06.2016, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://time.com/4369002/barack-obama-united-state-of-women-summit/.
  • • Sokolsky, Richard & Miller, Aaron (2016), “Donald Trump’s Middle East Promises: Can He Keep Them?”, Carnegie Endowment, 05.12.2016, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://carnegieendowment.org/2016/12/05/donald-trump-s-middle-east-promises-can-he-keep-them-pub-66346.
  • • Stop the Drug War, “The Democratic Platform on Drugs”, 07.09.2012, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle/2012/sep/07/democratic_platform_drugs.
  • • Sullivan, Jake (2019), “What Donald Trump and Dick Cheney Got Wrong About”, The Atlantic, Ocak-Şubat 2019, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/01/yes-america-can-still-lead-the-world/576427/.
  • • Tatum, Sophie (2016), “Trump: Clinton “doesn’t have the stamina” to be president”, CNN, 27.09.2016, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/27/politics/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-stamina/index.html.
  • • The Guardian (2016), “Barack Obama says Libya was”worst mistake” of his presidency”, 12.04.2016, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/apr/12/barack-obama-says-libya-was-worst-mistake-of-his-presidency.
  • • The Hill, “Full text of President Obama’s Afghanistan strategy speech”, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://thehill.com/full-text-president-obamas-afghanistan-strategy-speech.
  • • U.S. Department of State, “Catherine M. Russell”, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/213845.htm.
  • • U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, “Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009”, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/equal-pay-act-1963-and-lilly-ledbetter-fair-pay-act-2009#:~:text=Equal%20Pay%20Act%20of%201963%20and%20Lilly%20Ledbetter%20Fair%20Pay%20Act%20of%202009,-Issuing%20Authority&text=This%20document%20addresses%20the%20Equal,responsibility%20under%20similar%20working%20conditions.
  • • U.S. Mission to the OSCE, “Ambassador Melanne Verveer”, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://osce.usmission.gov/on-the-annual-evaluation-report-on-gender-equality-and-report-by-the-osce-special-representative-on-gender-issues-ambassador-melanne-verveer/verveer/.
  • • U.S. News (2019), “Trump Tweets in Support of LGBT People to Mark Pride Month”, 31.05.2019, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2019-05-31/trump-tweets-in-support-of-lgbt-people-to-mark-pride-month.
  • • Watson, R.T. (2012), “Donald Trump overrules rejection of transgender beauty queen”, Reuters, 04.04.2012, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2020, Erişim Adresi: https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-transgender-pageant-idINDEE83302220120404.