Mera Yabancı Otlarının Kontrolünde Keçilerin Kullanımı

Meraların ekonomik değerlerini azaltan yabancı otlarla mücadele kaçınılmaz bir zorunluluktur. Günümüzde, yabancı ot mücadelesi kapsamında başvurulan herbisit kullanımı ve mekanik mücadele gibi uygulamaların gittikçe artan maliyetleri, uygulamalarında karşılaşılan çeşitli zorluklar ve ekosisteme olan olumsuz etkileri nedeniyle, biyolojik mücadele ajanı olarak keçilerin kullanımı gittikçe daha fazla popülerlik kazanmaktadır. Keçiler, ülkemiz meralarında en fazla problem oluşturan başta Centaurea, Cirsium ve Rumex cinslerine ait otsu türler ile Rubus, Rosa ve Genista cinslerine ait çalılar olmak üzere birçok yabancı ot türleri ile mücadeleyi en ekonomik bir şekilde gerçekleştirebilecek ve hatta bu mücadeleyi ekonomik kazanca dönüştürebilecek çevre dostu canlılardır. Keçiler, otlamadaki farklı bitki tercihleri nedeniyle diğer hayvan türleri ile birlikte aynı merada otlatılmaları durumunda mera vejetasyonlarının yabancı otlara karşı rekabet güçlerini artırmaları yanında meraya da ek bir yük getirmemekte veya çok az yük getirmektedir. Keçilerin, sığırlar ve atlar ile birlikte otlatılmaları sürünün parazit problemlerini azaltıcı etkiye de sahip olabilmektedir. Bozulan meralarımızın bitki kompozisyonlarının istenilen yönde değişmesi ve buna bağlı olarak da meralarımızın üretim güçlerinin artırılmasına olumlu katkılarda bulunabilen keçilerin, bir şekilde mera amenajman planlarında daha fazla yer almaları önemlidir. Bu derlemede, keçilerin otlama davranışları ile mera amenajmanı ve ıslahı çalışmalarındaki etkinliği değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Keçi, mera, yabancı ot kontrolü

-

It is inevitable to control weeds affecting the economic value of pastures negatively. Use of goats as biological agent gains increasing popularity due to i) higher costs of herbicide usage and mechanical fight, ii) various difficulties encountered in practice and iii) the negative influences of these practices on ecosystem. Goats have been regarded as environmentally friendly animals which can control many weeds, especially herbaceous species belong to Centaurea, Cirsium and Rumex genus and shrub species belong to Rubus, Rosa and Genista genus, in the most economical way and even which can convert this struggle to economic gain. Grazing of goats with other animal species increases the competitiveness of desired plants in the pasture vegetation against the weeds due to their different grazing preferences, and it does not put an additional burden on pasture. Grazing goats with cows and horses can decrease the parasite problems in herd. It is essential to include the goats in pasture management plans due to their positive contributions in changing of pasture composition of damaged pastures and in increasing of pastures’ productivities. In this review, the grazing behaviours and also the efficiencies of goats in pasture management and improvement studies were discussed. 1. GİRİŞ

Keywords:

-,

PDF

___

Kaynaklar
AFRC, 1998. The nutrition of goats. AFRC Technical Committee on Responses to Nutrients. Report No. 10, CAB International: Wallingford, UK.
-
Arnold GW. and Dudzinski ML., 1978. Ethology of free-ranging domestic animals. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
Batten GJ., 1984. Goats: Management-scrub weed control (Aglink FPP 280, 3rd revise). Welligton: Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.
Beskow WB., 2001. Integration of goats into sheep and cattle grazing systems as a permanent weed control tool. Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, PhD Thesis, 206 p., New Zealand.
Blanchet K., Moechnig H. and DeJong-Hughes J., 2003. Grazing Systems Planning Guide. University of Minnesota Extension Service, BU-07606-S, http://www.extension. umn. edu/agriculture/beef/components/ docs/grazing_systems_planning_guide.pdf. [Access: April 22, 2015].
Campbell MH. and Holst PJ., 1990. Use of goats for the control of Illyrian thistle (Onopordum illyricum). Proceedings of the 9th Australian Weeds Conference, 493-496, 6-10 August, Adelaide, Australia.
Clark DA., Lambert MG., Rolston MP. and Dymock N., 1982. Diet selection by goats and sheep on hill country. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 42: 155-157.
Clark DA. and Lambert MG., 1989. The role of goats in New Zealand hill country farming. Proceedings of the XVI International Grassland Congress, 1359-1360, 4-11 October, Nice, France.
Crouchley G., 1983. Blackberry control in Hawkes Bay. Proceedings of Ruakura Farmers’ Conference, 35: 63-65.
Curran WS. and Lingenfelter DD., 2015. Weed Management in Pasture Systems. Agronomy Facts 62, Penn State Ext.,http://extension.psu.edu/pests/weeds/control/weed-management-in-pasture-systems/extension. [Access: April 22, 2015].
Dellow JJ., Mitchell T., Johnston W., Hennessey G. and Gray P., 1988. Large area blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) control using grazing goats. Plant Protection Quarterly, 3(2): 83-84.
Enloe S., 2013. Pasture-weed identification, biology, and management (11). (Ed. U Karki), Sustainable Year-Round Forage Production and Grazing/Browsing Management for Goats in the Southern Region. Cooperative Extension Program, Tuskegee, 143-149. http://www.tuskegee.edu/sites/www/Uploads/files/ About%20US/TUCEP/Livestock%20Program/Year-RoundPasture_Handbook.pdf. [Access: April 22, 2015].
Garcia O. and Gall C., 1981. Goats in the dry tropics. Goat Production (Ed. C Gall), Academic Press, New York, pp. 515–556.
Goetsch AL., Gipson TA., Askar AR. and Puchala R., 2009. Invited Review: Feeding behaviour of goats. Journal of Animal Science, 88: 361-373.
Green JD., Witt WW. and Martin JR., 2006. Weed management in grass pastures, hayfields, and other farmstead sites. University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension. TAGR-172, US, http://www2. ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/ agr/agr172/agr172.pdf. [Access: April 20, 2015].
Harrington KC., Popay AI., Robertson AG. and McPherson HG., 1988. Resistance of nodding thistle to MCPA in Hawkes Bay. Proceedings, New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference, 34:219-222.
Hejcman M., Strnad L., Hejcmanová P. and Pavlu V., 2014. Biological control of Rumex obtusifolius and Rumex crispus by goat grazing. Weed Biology and Management, 14(2): 115-120.
Henskens FLF., Field RJ. and Jarvis P., 1996. Mechanisms of compensatory growth in the pasture weeds Cirsium arvense and Achillea millefolium. Second International Weed Control Congress, 1-4, 25-28 June, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Hodgson J., 1990. Grazing management: science into practice. Essex, England: Longman Scientific&Technical.
Holst PJ., 1980. The use of goats in grazing systems and their place in weed control. Animal Production in Australia, 13: 188-191.
Host PJ. and Allan CJ., 1999. Targeted grazing of thistles using sheep and goats. Plant Protection Quarterly, 11 (Supplement 2): 271-273.
Holst PJ. and Simmonds HE., 2000. Palatability of weeds to goats in Australia, Proceedings 7th, International Conference on Goats, 111-113, 15-21 May, France,
Humphreys J, Culleton N, Jansen T, O'Riordan EG, Storey T., 1997. Aspects of the role of cattle slurry in dispersal and seedling establishment of Rumex obtusifolius seed in grassland. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, 36(1): 39-49.
Jones RE., 2000. The economics of weed control. In: Australian weed management systems (Eds. BM Sindel and SB Johnson), 267-283, Melbourne, Australia.
Koç A. ve Gökkuş A., 1993. Hayvan otlatılarak meralardaki yabancı otlarla mücadele. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2): 133-141.
Lacey JR., Wallander R. and Olson-Rutz K., 1992. Recovery, germinability, and viability of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) seeds ingested by sheep and goats. Weed Technology, 6:599-602.
Lambert MG., Clark DA. and Rolston MP., 1981. Use of goats for coarse weed control in hill country. Proceedings of the 33rd Ruakura Farmers Conference, 167-171, New Zealand.
Lamming L., 2001. Successfully controlling noxious weeds with goats. Alternative weed strategies. 21(4): 19-23.
Lopes EA. and Stuth JW., 1984. Dietary selection and nutrition of Spanish goats as influenced by brush management. Journal of Range Management, 37: 554-560.
Lu CD., 1988. Grazing behaviour and diet selection of goats. Small ruminant resources, 1: 205-216.
McGregor BA., Reid CJ. and Scott BJ., 1990. The effect of goats and sheep on the growth, flowering and longevity of tall, medium and short scotch and artichoke thistles. Proceedings of the 9th Australian Weeds Conference, 497-500, 6-10 August, Adelaide, Australia.
Pennington J., 2014. Multi-species grazing can ımprove utilization of pastures. Lincoln University, Newton County Extension Center, Neosho, MO 64850. http://www.extension. org/pages/64557/goat-pastures-multi-species-grazing-can-improve-utilization-of-pastures#. VTEOW9Ltmko. [Access: Nisan 21, 2015].
Pierce JR., 1990. Controlling saffron thistle with goats in Western Australia. Cashmere Newsletter, May, pp. 30-32.
Popay AI. and Thompson A., 1981. Ragwort in pasture: biology, significance and control. Wellington: Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 2 p. (Aglink Farm Production and Practice, 31), New Zealand.
Provenza FD., Bowns JE., Urness PJ., Malechek JC. and Butcher JE., 1983. Biological manipulation of blackbrush by goat browsing. Journal of Range Management, 36(4): 513-519.
Radcliffe JE., 1984. Gorse control with goats. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, pp. 152-159.
Radcliffe JE., 1985. Grazing management of goats and sheep for gorse control. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 13: 181-190.
Radcliffe JE., 1987. From gorse browse to pasture with goats. Proceedings of the 2nd International Cashmere Conference, 114-124, Lincoln College, New Zealand.
Radcliffe JE., 1990. Gorse control by goats: effective strategies in Canterbury. In: Bassett, C.; Whitehouse, L. J.; Zabkiewicz, eds. Alternatives to the chemical control of weeds. Proceedings of an International Conference, 144-149, Rotorua, New Zealand.
-
Radcliffe JE., Townsend RJ. and Baird DB., 1991. Mixed and separate grazing of sheep and goats at two stocking rates. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 34: 167-176.
Ricordeau G., 1981. Genetics: breeding plans. In: Goat Production. (Ed. C Gall), Academic Press, Chapter:4, pp. 111-169, London.
Rolston MP., Lambert MG., Clark DA. and Devantier BP., 1981. Control of rushes and thistles in pastures by goat and sheep grazing. Proceedings of the New Zealand weed and pest control conference, 34: 117-121.
Rolston MP, Clark DA, Lambert MG. 1983. Scrub and coarse weed control by goats and sheep: Ballantrae trial. Proceedings of the Ruakura Farmers Conference, 55-57, New Zealand.
Scott T. and Pratini N., 1995. Habitat fragmentation: The sum of the pieces in less than the whole. California Agriculture, 49(6): 56.
Shelton M., 1981. Fibre Production. Goat Production (Ed. C. Gall), pp. 379-409, Academic Press, London.
Thompson K., 1989. Planned management and preventive medicine. Goat Production and Health, 3(1): 1-2.
Thompson NAQ. and Power MT., 1993. An evaluation of possible complementary effect of grazing goats with bulls in an intensive bull beef system. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 53: 23-27.
Torrano L., Holst PJ. and Stanley DF., 1999. The effect of herbicide and goats on survival and seed production of Illyrian thistle (Onopordum illyricum L.). Plant Protection Quarterly, 14(1): 13-15.
Töngel MÖ., Ayan İ., 2005. Samsun ili çayır ve meralarında yetişen bazı zararlı bitkiler ve hayvanlar üzerindeki etkileri. OMÜ, Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(1): 84-93.
TÜİK, 2015. Hayvansal Üretim. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. http://www.tuik.gov.tr /UstMenu.do?Metod =temelist. [Erişim: Nisan 20, 2015].
Uzun F., Garipoğlu AV. ve Algan D., 2010. Meralarımızda görülen sarı peygamber çiçeği (Centaurea solstitialis L.)’nin bitkisel özellikleri ve kontrolü. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(3): 213-222.
Ünal S., Karabudak E., Öcal MB. ve Koç A., 2011. Interpretations of vegetation changes of some villages rangelands in Çankırı province of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 16(1): 39-47.
Ünal S., Mutlu Z., Mermer A., Urla Ö., Ünal E., Aydoğdu M., Dedeoğlu F., Özaydın KA., Avağ A., Aydoğmuş O., Şahin B. ve Aslan S., 2012a. Ankara ili meralarının değerlendirilmesi üzerine bir çalışma. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(2): 41-49.
Ünal S., Mutlu Z., Mermer A., Urla Ö., Ünal E., Özaydın KA., Avağ A., Yıldız H., Aydoğmuş O., Şahin B. ve Aslan S., 2012b. Çankırı ili meralarının mera durumu ve sağlığının belirlenmesi üzerine bir çalışma. Tarım Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 5(2): 131-135.
Ünal S., Mutlu Z., Urla Ö., Yıldız H. ve Şahin B., 2013. Evaluation and determination of rangeland vegetation in Kayseri province. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(2): 86-95.
Ünal S., Mutlu Z., Urla Ö., Yıldız H., Aydoğdu M., Şahin B. ve Aslan S., 2014. Improvement possibilities and effects of vegetation subjected to long-term heavy grazing in the steppe rangelands of Sivas. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23(1): 22-30.
Yavuz T., Sürmen M., Töngel MÖ., Avağ A., Özaydın K. ve Yıldız H., 2012. Amasya mera vejetasyonlarının bazı özellikleri. Tarım Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 5(1): 181-185.
Wood GM., 1987. Animals for biological brush control. Agronomy Journal, 79: 319-321.
Yerex D., 1986. The farming of goats: fibre and meat production in New Zealand. 200 p., Ampersand Publishing Associates, New Zealand.
Zaller JG., 2006. Sheep grazing vs. cutting: regeneration and soil nutrient exploitation of the grassland weed Rumex obtusifolius. BioControl, 51: 837-850.
Webb CJ., Sykes WR. and Garnock-Jones PJ., 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, 1365 pp., Christchurch.