KOLLEKTİF TRAVMA VE SİVİL TOPLUM ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ: İSRAİL’İN YAHUDİ KÖKENLİ VATANDAŞLARI ÜZERİNE BİR VAKA İNCELEMESİ

Bu araştırma, geçmiş bir travmanın toplum tarafından nasıl kollektif birşekilde yaşandığı ve kendini kamuoyu ve kamu politikalarında nasıl açıkçagösterdiğini incelemektedir. Kollektif travma, travma ve sivil toplum arasındakikarışık ilişkiyi açıklığa kavuşturan temel bir konsepttir. Bu vaka çalışması,Holokost trajedisini ve onun İsrail’in yahudi kökenli vatandaşları tarafındanpaylaşılan anlamını incelemektedir. İsrail’in yahudi kökenli vatandaşlarınıntravmatik geçmişlerini irdeleyerek, onların dışarıya karşı tutumlarınıaçıklamayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, çatışma analizi için, her krizin içinde yeralan toplumsal faktörlerin yanında insan tecrübesinin çok yönlü doğasını dagöz önüne alması sebebiyle başlangıç noktası olarak sosyo-psikolojikyaklaşımları kullanmaktadır. Geçmişin köklü bilinci ve şimdiki zamanlabağlantısı İsrail’in yahudi kökenli vatandaşları arasında kurban olma sıfatınıyaratmıştır. Bu kurban olma hali psikolojik olarak kurumlara olduğu gibi eğitimsistemine ve medyaya da nüfuz etmiştir. Hepsi, sistematik olarak Filistinlilerekarşı ayrımcılık yapılmasını ve onlara karşı sert politik ve askeri yöntemlerinkullanılmasını rasyonalize etmişlerdir. Bu yüzden, devletin varlığını devamettirmek ve kimliğini korumak için, toplum, muhtemelen devletin hayattakalmasını sağlamak adına yürütüldüğü söylenen askeri teşebbüsleri içerensaldırgan politikalara uyum göstermektedir. Bu şiddet sarmalı, anlayışsızlık,ve insanlıktan uzaklaştırma hali İsrail’in yahudi kökenli vatandaşlarınınFilistinlilerle barışçıl ilişkiler kurma olanaklarını engellemektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Kolektif Travma, Holokost, kimlik, İsrail, bellek

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COLLECTIVE TRAUMA AND CIVIL SOCIETY: JEWISH CITIZENS OF ISRAEL AS A CASE STUDY

This research examines how past trauma is experienced collectivelyby a society and how it manifests itself within public opinion and policy.Collective trauma is a key concept that sheds lights on to the intricateinteraction between trauma and civil society. This case study examines thetragedy of the Holocaust and its shared meaning to the Jewish citizens ofIsrael. It is intended to elaborate Jewish citizens of Israel’s attitude towardoutsiders by exploring their traumatic past. The study uses socialpsychological approaches as a starting point for conflict analysis since theseapproaches consider the variegated nature of the human experience alongsidethe social factors that are inherent in every conflict. The deep sense of pastand its linkage to the present created a role of victimization within Jewishcitizens of Israel. This victimization is psychologically embedded withininstitutions such as the education system as well as the media. Bothsystemically rationalize discrimination toward the Palestinians and justifythe harsh political and military tactics employed against them. Therefore, tomaintain the state’s existence and preserve its identity, the society is morelikely to comply with aggressive policies through militaristic ventures thatare allegedly undertaken to ensure survival. This cycle of violence,intolerance and dehumanization hinders Jewish citizens of Israel ability toachieve peaceful relations with the Palestinians

Keywords:

collective trauma, Holocaust, identity, Israel, memory,

PDF

___

Andreasen, Nancy Cover. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder’ in Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry 4.ed. H. I. Kaplan, B.G Sadock. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins, 1988.
Avnari, Reuren. “Tell World the Facts”. Readers’ Letters to the Editor, Jerusalem Post. Haifa, 12 June 1967, Sivan 20, 5727, Rabia Awat 21, 1387, Vol.XXXVII, No.11996, accessed at archives, National Library, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, accessed on 13 July 2009.
Bickerton, Ian J. and M.N.Pickerson. The Arab-Israeli Conflict; A History. Melbourne, Australia: Longman Cheshire, 2.ed. 1991.
Breakway, Glynis Marie. Coping with Threatened Identities. New York: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1986.
Brecher, Michael. Decisions in Israeli’s Foreign Policy. New Haven: Yale University, 1975.
Burgess, Heidi. “Enemy Images; In-Groups and Out-Groups”, Beyond Intractability. October 2003 http://www.beyondintractability.org, accessed on 12 September 2009.
Defamation (Hashmatsa). Dir. Yoav Shamir. 2009. Film.
Elder, Akiva. “Is an Israeli Jewish Sense of Victimization Perpetuating the Conflict with Palestinians?” An Interview with Prof. Daniel Bar-Tal, 30 January 2009, Haaretz, accessed on 31 January 2009. Exodus
Flapan, Simha. “The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities” in The Palestinian Problem. eds. Andrew C. Kimmens, New York: H. W. Wilson, 1989.
Gordon, Neve. “The Enemy Within” in The Other Israel: Voices of Refusal and Dissent. ed. Roane Carey, Jonathan Shainin, New York: The New Press, 2002.
Harel, Isser. The House on Garibaldi Street: Classics of Espionage. Routdledge, 2. Edition, 1997.
Hart, Barry. Peacebuilding in Traumatized Societies. Lanham: Maryland, University Press of America, 2008.
Heinberg, Richard. “Catastrophe, Collective Trauma & the Origin of Civilization”. http://www.newdawnmagazine.com accessed on January 10, 2009.
Interview with Alon Levi, interview by author, tape recording, Tel Aviv, Israel, 20 July 2009.
Interview with Prof. Gershon Baskin, interview by author, tape recording, Jerusalem, Israel, Israeli-Palestine Center for Research and Information (IPCRI), 9 July 2009.
Interview with Yaniv Segalovich, interview by author, tape recording, Tel Aviv, Israel, 20 July 2009. Isaiah
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel. 14 May 1948, http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA, accessed on 27 April 2009.
John Conroy, John. Unspeakable Acts, Ordinary People: The Dynamics of Torture. New York: Knopf, 2000.
Kimche, David. “As the Arab Seeds”, The Jerusalem Post. Monday 14 May 1967, Eyar 4, 5727, Safar5, 1387, Vol. XXXVII, No. 11959, accessed at archives, National Library, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, accessed on 12 July 2009.
Ladau, Yehezkel. “Rehumanizing the “Enemy” and Confronting Ourselves” in Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture. Vol.3, No.1, Jerusalem: Al Amal Press, 1996.
Langer, Lawrence. Admitting the Holocaust and Holocaust Testimonies: The Ruins of Memory. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 1993.
Lefkovits, Etgar. “PM: We Won’t Allow Another Holocaust”. The Jerusalem Post, 21 April, 2009, http://www.jpost.com, accessed on 25 April 2009.
Madikizela, Pumla Godoba. A Human Being Died That Night: A South African Woman Confronts the Legacy of Apartheid. New York: First Mariner Books, 2004.
Malkin, Peter Z. and Henry Stein. Eichmann in My Hands. New York: Warner Books, 1990.
Moshe Dayan, Moshe, Minister of Defense, The Jerusalem Post, Wednesday June 7 1967, Eyar 28, 5727, Safar 29, 1387, Vol. XXXVII, No. 11979, accessed at archives of National Library, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, accessed on 13 July 2009.
New York Times Israel Poll, March 1989, www.icpsr.com, accessed 21 February 2009.
Ottenberg, Bernard Perry and Fritz Redl. “Dehumanization: A Composite Psychological Defense in Relation to modern War” in eds. Milton Schwebel, Behavioral Science and Human Survival. Palo Alto CA: Science and Behavior Book, 2003.
Paris, Erna. Long Shadows: Truths, Lies and History. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2001.
Paris, Erna. The Garden and the Gun: A Journey Inside Israel. Toronto: Semaphore Press, 1991.
Peres, Shimon. Peres speech. http://www.yadvashem.org, accessed on 12 March 2009.
Proceedings of the Knesset 6, July 3 1950 (Jerusalem, 1951) trans., S. Weinstein, in Paul Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, eds. The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History 2. ed. Oxford University Books, 1995.
“Rabbinate Calls for Fast on Thursday”, The Jerusalem Post, 31 May 1967, Iyar 21, 5727, Safar 22, 1387, Vol. XXXVII, No. 11973, p.5, accessed at archives of National Library, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, accessed on 13 July 2009.
Rosenthal, Donna. The Israelis: Ordinary People in an Extraordinary Land. New York: Free Press, 2005.
Said, Edward W. The End of the Peace Process. London: Granta Publications, 2002.
Segev, Tom. I949, The First Israelis. trans. Arlen N. Weinstein, New York: Owl Books by Henry Holt and Company, 1998.
Segev, Tom. The Seventh Million: The Israelis and the Holocaust. New York: Henry Holt, 2000.
Shalev, Avner. Message from the Chairman of the Directorate, yad-vashem booklet (English edition).
Sherman, Daniel J. The Construction of Memory in Interwar France. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1999.
Stein, Howard. “On Professional Allegiance in the Study of Political Psychology” in Political Psychology. No.7, 1986.
“Stocking a Shelter”, The Jerusalem Post, Monday 30 May 1967, Iyar.20, 5727, Safar.21, 1387, Vol. XXXVII, No:11972, accessed at archives of National Library, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, accessed on 12 July 2009.
“Thousands Volunteer for Israel”, The Jerusalem Post, Friday, 26 May 1967, Eyyar 16, 5727, Safar 17, 1387, Vol. XXXVII, No: 11969, accessed at archives of National Library, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, accessed on 12 July 2009.
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181. Future Government of Palestine. 29 November 1947, www.un.org, accessed on 25 April 2009.
Volkan, Vamik D. Blood Lines: From Ethnic Pride to Ethnic Terrorism. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1997.
Volkan, Vamik D. ‘On Chosen Trauma.’ in Mind and Human Interaction 3. No.1, 1991.
Volkan, Vamik D. and Gabriele Ast, William F. Greer, Jr., ed. The Third Reich in the Unconscious; A Study of Transgenerational Transmissions of Shared Trauma and its Consequences for Identity Formation. Philadelphia: Brunner-Routledge, 2001.
“Volunteers dig up part of Tel Aviv Beach”, Photo by Miller, The Jerusalem Post, Monday June 5 1967, Eyar 26, 5727, Safar 27, 1387, Vol. XXXVII, No.11977, accessed at archives of National Library, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, accessed on 13 July 2009
Yad Vashem, http://www.yadvashem.org, accessed on 27 March 2009.
Wyman, David S. and Charles H. Rosenzveig. The World Reacts to the Holocaust. Baltimore M.D.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

ISSN: 1306-9136
Yayın Aralığı: Yıllık
Başlangıç: 2006
Yayıncı: Terazi Yayıncılık Basım Dağıtım Danışmanlık Eğitim Organizasyon Matbaacılık Kırtasiye Tic. Ltd. Şti.

Arşiv

Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

ÇEÇENİSTAN RUSYA GERGİNLİĞİNDE RUS MEDYASI: KUZEY OSETYA BESLAN OKUL KUŞATMASI ÖRNEĞİ

Leyla BUDAK

IRAK'TA TARİHSEL SÜREÇ İÇERİSİNDE TÜRKMENLERE YÖNELİK İNSANLIK SUÇLARI VE 2003 SONRASI TÜRKMENLERİN HUKUKİ DURUMU

Bilgay DUMAN

NOGAY KIYIMI: RUSYA İMPARATORLUĞUNUN NOGAYLARI İMHA EYLEMİ VE GÜNÜMÜZDEKİ YANKILARI

MAHMUT ALİ ASKER ASLANİ, Sevinç ALİYEVA