Muhammet Fatih ÖZKAN, Otabek OMONKULOV

5836

Özbekistan’ın Komşu ve Küçük Bir Devlet Olarak Afganistan Barış Sürecindeki Rolü

Afganistan’da barışın tesis edilmesi için son yirmi yılda çeşitli uluslararası aktörlerin girişimleri olmuştur. Bu makale, bu aktörlerden biri olan Özbekistan’ın Afganistan barış sürecinin özellikle son dönemlerinde belirginleşen arabulucu rolüne ele almaktadır. Nitekim Doha’da imzalanan barış antlaşmasına kadar Özbekistan’ın benimsediği dış politika, uluslararası arabuluculuğun kullanıldığı durumlarla uygunluk göstermektedir. Özellikle devletlerin komşularındaki krizleri çözme konusundaki arabuluculuk motivasyonlarıyla, Afganistan’a komşu bir ülke olarak Özbekistan’ın arabuluculuk çabalarının ardındaki temel nedenler önemli benzerlikler taşımaktadır. Çalışmada bu gerekçeler ekonomik, güvenlik ve uluslararası prestij arayışı şeklinde üç başlık altında toplanmaktadır. Taşkent’in Afganistan barış sürecinde karşılaştığı zorluk ve fırsatlar da küçük devletlerin uluslararası arabuluculuktaki sınırlılıkları ve avantajlarına benzemektedir. Küçük devlet statüsü, Özbekistan’a her zaman istediği sonuçları elde etme şansı vermese de barışçıl ve tehdit içermeyen konumuyla tarafların güvenini kazanabilmesini sağlamıştır. Taşkent, sürece genel olarak çatışan taraflarla ayrı ayrı diyalog kurma, topraklarının görüşmeler için kullanılmasını teklif etme, diğer üçüncü taraflarla yakın işbirliğini sürdürme ve uluslararası toplantılara ev sahipliği yapma gibi katkılar sunmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler:

Arabuluculuk, Küçük Devletler, Özbekistan Dış Politikası, Afganistan Barış Süreci

Uzbekistan’s Mediator Role in the Afghan Peace Process as a Neighboring and Small State

Various international actors have attempted to establish peace in Afghanistan in the last two decades. This article addresses the mediator role of Uzbekistan, one of these actors, which had become visible especially in the last stages of the Afghan peace process. The foreign policy adopted by Uzbekistan until the peace treaty signed in Doha is compatible with the cases where mediation is used in international politics. In particular, the mediation motivations of states to solve crises in their neighbors have significant similarities with the main reasons behind the mediation efforts of Uzbekistan, as a neighboring country to Afghanistan. This article categorizes these motives under three headings as economic, security and international prestige. The difficulties and opportunities that Tashkent faced in Afghan peace process also resemble the limitations and advantages of small states in international mediation. Although the small state status did not always provide Uzbekistan a chance to achieve the desired results, it allowed gaining the trust of the parties because of its peaceful and non-threatening position. Tashkent has contributed to the process by establishing dialogue with the conflicting sides individually, proposing the use of its territory for the negotiations, maintaining close cooperation with other third parties, and hosting international meetings.
Keywords:

Mediation, Small States, Foreign Policy of Uzbekistan, Afghan Peace Process,

PDF

___

  • Aljazeera (2019), “First Round of Resurrected US-Taliban Peace Talks Open in Qatar”, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/resurrected-taliban-peace-talks-open-qatar-191207105319486.html, 07.12.2019.
  • Aljazeera (2020), “Afghanistan Government Announces Team for Taliban Talks”, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/afghanistan-government-announces-team-taliban-talks-200327172504636.html, 06.04.2020.
  • Arian News (2019), “Khalilzad, Uzbekistan Leaders Discuss Afghan Peace Process”, https://ariananews.af/khalilzad-uzbekistan-leaders-discuss-afghan-peace-process/, 13.04.2019.
  • Azizov, D. (2017), “Uzbekistan, Afghanistan Keen to Boost Trade Turnover”, https://en.trend.az/casia/uzbekistan/2713048.html, 05.04.2020.
  • Baba, G. and Önsoy, M. (2016), “Between Capability and Foreign Policy: Comparing Turkey’s Small Power and Middle Power Status”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 13(51): 3-20.
  • Baker, P., Mashal, M. and Crowley, M. (2019), How Trump’s Plan to Secretly Meet With the Taliban Came Together, and Fell Apart. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/08/world/asia/afghanistan-trump-camp-david-taliban.html, 14.04.2020.
  • Barakat, S. (2014), Qatari Mediation: Between Ambition and Achievement, Brookings Doha Center Analysis Paper, Number:12, Doha.
  • BBC (2019), “Afghan Peace Deal: Trump Says Taliban Talks are ‘Dead’ ”, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49642655, 09.09.2019.
  • BBC (2020), “US and Taliban Sign Deal to End 18-Year Afghan War”, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-51689443, 09.04.2020.
  • BBC O’zbek (2018), “Sodiq Safoev: Toshkent Anjumani Maqsadi: Afg’onistondagi Tinchlik Uchun Zamin Yaratish”, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KINnZK7RIcU&feature=youtu.be, 05.04.2020.
  • Bercovitch, J. and Houston, A. (2000), Why Do They Do It like This? An Analysis of Factors Influencing Mediation Behavior in International Conflicts, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 44(2): 170-202.
  • Bercovitch, J. (1992), “The Structure and Diversity of Mediation in International Relations”, Mediation in International Relations: Multiple Approaches to Conflict Management, J. Bercovitch and J. Z. Rubin (eds.), p. 1-29, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • Bercovitch, J. (2004), “International Mediation and Intractable Conflict Beyond Intractability”, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/med-intractable-conflict, 03.04.2020.
  • Brattvoll, J. (2016), “Uzbekistan’s Ambigous Policies on Afghanistan”, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/196758/Brattvoll%20-%20Uzbekistans%20ambiguous%20policies%20on%20Afghanistan,%20PRIO%20Policy%20Brief%201-2016.pdf, 05.04.2020.
  • Brown University (2020), “Cos of War: Afghan Civilians”, https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/costs/human/civilians/afghan, 15.04.2020.
  • Browning, C. S. (2006), “Small, Smart and Salient? Rethinking Identity in the Small States Literature”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 19(4): 669-684.
  • Central Asia News (2020a), Pompeo Stresses Close Ties with Central Asia During Regional Trip. https://central.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2020/02/03/feature-02, 13.04.2020.
  • Central Asia News (2020b), Uzbekistan, Afghanistan Reaffirm Co-operation Amid Coronavirus Pandemic. https://central.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2020/04/02/feature-02, 04.04.2020.
  • CSOIRA, (Central Statistics Organization of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan), (2013), Afghanistan Statistical Yearbook 2012-2013, CSO Printing Press, Kabul.
  • Chaudet, D. (2019), “Daesh’s Presence in Afghanistan Seen from Central Asia”, https://f.hypotheses.org/wp-content/blogs.dir/1268/files/2019/01/2019-DC-pdf-version-IFEAC-Daesh-in-Afghanistan-seen-from-Central-Asia.pdf, 10.04.2020.
  • CNN (2009), “Pakistani officials: Terror Group Commander Killed”, http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/10/02/pakistan.uzbek.commander.killed/, 05.04.2020.
  • Coleman, P. (2012), “The Value Added of Smaller States in Peace Mediation: Smart Peace”, Global Networks of Mediation: Prospects and Avenues for Finland as a Peacemaker, T. Piiparinen, and V. Brummereds (eds.), p. 55-73, The Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Helsinki.
  • Cousens, E. (2008), “It Ain’t Over ’Till It’s Over: What Role for Mediation in Post-Agreement” Contexts?. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/90795/Aint_Over_06_08.pdf, 03.04.2020.
  • Cronin, A. K., Aden, H., Frost, A. and Jones B. (2004), “Foreign Terrorist Organizations”, https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL32223.pdf, 05.04.2020.
  • East, M. A. (1973), “Size and Foreign Policy Behavior: A Test of Two Models”, World Politics, 25(4): 556-576.
  • Elman, M. F. (1995), “The Foreign Policies of Small States: Challenging Neorealism in Its Own Backyard”, British Journal of Political Science, 25(2): 171-217.
  • Embassy of Uzbekistan in India (2017), “New Page in Relations between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan”, http://www.uzbekembassy.in/new-page-in-relations-between-uzbekistan-and-afghanistan/, 08.04.2018.
  • Fazendeiro, B. T. (2012), “Uzbekistan’s Afghan Interests and its Foreign Policy after 2014: A Turning Point for Opening Central Asia?”, Central Asian Series, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, Oxfordshire.
  • Fox, A. B. (1959), The Power of Small States: Diplomacy in World War II, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Gleditsch, K. S. and Ward, M.D. (2001), “Measuring Space: A Minimum-Distance Database and Applications to International Studies”, Journal of Peace Research, 38(6): 739-758.
  • Goetschel, L. (1998), “The Foreign and Security Policy Interests of Small States in Today’s Europe”, Small States Inside and Outside the European Union: Interests and Policies, L. Goetschel, (ed.), p. 13-32, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
  • Greig, J. M. (2005), “Stepping into the Fray: When Do Mediators Mediate?”, American Journal of Political Science, 49(2): 249-266.
  • Hamidzada, H. and Ponzio, R. (2019), “Central Asia’s Growing Role in Building Peace and Regional Security”, Special Report, United States Institute of Peace No. 453, Washington.
  • Hashimova, Umida (2019), “What is Uzbekistan’s Role in the Afghan Peace Process?”, https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/what-is-uzbekistans-role-in-the-afghan-peace-process/, 16.04.2020.
  • Iji, T. and Fuchinoue, H. (2009), “Toward a Better Understanding of Multiparty Mediation in International Relations”, Hiroshima Peace Science, 31: 135-162.
  • Irgashev, Ismatulla (2019), “Uzbekistan Perspective: Ensuring Regional Security and Countering Extremism and Terrorism”, https://aiss.af/aiss/news_details/opinions/5ccecd768781d, 08.04.2020.
  • Jan, M. N. I. (2008), “The Role of Mediation in the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes”, http://www.asiapacificmediationforum.org/resources/2008/6-Muhammad_Naqib.pdf, 10.04.2020.
  • Jones, Seth G. (2009), In the Graveyard of Empires: America’s War in Afghanistan, W. W. Norton & Company, New York and London.
  • Kimball, S. and Macias A. (2019), “‘We are Talking to the Taliban’-Trump Makes Surprise Thanksgiving Visit to US Troops in Afghanistan”, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/28/trump-makes-unannounced-visit-to-us-troops-in-afghanistan-on-thanksgiving.html, 08.04.2020.
  • Kleiboer, M. (1996), “Understanding Success and Failure of International Mediation”, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40 (2): 360-389.
  • Kolb, D. M. (1985). “To Be a Mediator: Expressive Tactics in Mediation”, Journal of Social Issues, 41(2): 11-26.
  • Koparkar, R. (2018), “Uzbekistan and Afghanistan Enhance Cooperation” https://www.vifindia.org/article/2018/january/02/uzbekistan-and-afghanistan-enhance-cooperation, 06.04.2020.
  • Kressel, K. and Pruitt, D. G. (1985), “Themes in the Mediation of Social Conflict”, Journal of Social Issues, 41(2): 179-198.
  • Kurilkin, A. (2017), “Ashraf G’ani O’zbekistonda: Xavfsizlik, Eksport va Sovg’alar”, https://sputniknews-uz.com/economy/20171206/7015805/Ashraf-Gani-Ozbekistonda-xavfsizlik-eksport-va-sovgalar.html, 11.04.2020.
  • Landler, M. (2017), “The Afghan War and the Evolution of Obama”, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/01/world/asia/obama-afghanistan-war.html, 09.04.2020.
  • Lee, S. Y. (2011), Dynamics of Interplay between Third Party Interveners and National Factions in Civil War Peace Negotiations: Case Studies on Cambodia and El Salvador, Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of St. Andrews, School of International Relations, Scotland.
  • Lee, S. Y. and Abdelrahman, A. (2016), “The Intervention of “Neighbor” Countries in Civil War Peace Negotiations”, Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 33(4): 355-381.
  • Lieberfeld, D. (1995), “Small is Credible: Norway’s Niche in International Dispute Settlement”, Negotiation Journal, 11(3): 201-207.
  • Mashal, M. (2020), “Afghan President Orders Taliban Prisoner Release”, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/world/asia/taliban-prisoner-release.html, 10.04.2020.
  • Meher, M. (2018), “Uzbekistan Revitalizes the Afghanistan Peace Process”, https://foreignpolicynews.org/2018/05/02/uzbekistan-revitalizes-the-afghanistan-peace-process/, 05.04.2020.
  • Mellin, M. M. (2013), “When States Mediate”, Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs, 2(1):78-90.
  • Miller, L. E. and Blake, J. S. (2019), Envisioning a Comprehensive Peace Agreement for Afghanistan, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uzbekistan (2018a), “Address by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev at the International Conference on Afghanistan Peace Process, Security Cooperation and Regional Connectivity”, https://mfa.uz/en/press/news/2018/03/14328/, 16.04.2020.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uzbekistan (2018b), “Cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan with Near East, Middle East and African Countries”, https://mfa.uz/en/cooperation/countries/376/, 08.04.2020.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uzbekistan (2018c), “Declaration of the Tashkent Conference on Afghanistan: Peace Process, Security Cooperation and Regional Connectivity”, https://mfa.uz/en/press/news/2018/03/14327/, 17.04.2020.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uzbekistan (2018d), “Tashkent to Host A High-Level Conference on Afghanistan”, https://mfa.uz/en/press/news/2018/03/14141/, 06.04.2020.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uzbekistan (2018e), “Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan”, https://mfa.uz/en/press/statements/2018/06/15192/, 10.04.2020.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uzbekistan (2018f), “Meeting with the Representatives of the Taliban”, https://mfa.uz/en/press/news/2019/08/20399/, 08.04.2020.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uzbekistan (2019a), “Uzbek Foreign Minister Meets Taliban’s Leadership”, https://mfa.uz/en/press/news/2019/03/18029/, 08.04.2020.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uzbekistan (2019b), “Meeting with the Advisor to the President of Afghanistan”, https://mfa.uz/en/press/news/2019/03/18057/, 11.04.2020.
  • Murdoch, J. C. and Sandler, T. (2002). “Economic Growth, Civil Wars, and Spatial Spillovers”, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 46(1): 91-110.
  • NSIAIRA, (National Statistics and Information Authority of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan), (2019), “Afghanistan Statistical Yearbook 2018-2019”, https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Afghanistan-Statistical-Yearbook-2018-19.pdf, 15.04.2020.
  • NBC News (2018), “Taliban Sending Signs It is Interested in Afghan Peace Talks, Mattis Says”, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/taliban-sending-signs-it-interested-afghan-peace-talks-mattis-says-n856051, 11.04.2020.
  • O’zA (2018), “O’zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Shavkat Mirziyoyevning Afg’oniston Bo’yicha “Tinchlik Jarayoni, Xavfsizlik Sohasida Hamkorlik va Mintaqaviy Sheriklik” Mavzusida O’tkazilgan Xalqaro Konferensiyadagi Nutqi”, http://uza.uz/oz/politics/zbekiston-respublikasi-prezidenti-shavkat-mirziyeevning-af-o-27-03-2018, 17.04.2020.
  • OTAMFAIRA, (Official Twitter Account of The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan), (2019), https://twitter.com/mfa_afghanistan/status/1160094799074078720, 10.04.2020.
  • OWSPIRA, (Official Web Site of The President of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan), (2019), “President Ghani Met with Uzbek NSA, Foreign Minister”, https://president.gov.af/en/News/4445879, 12.04.2020.
  • Omonkulov, O. (2016). “Ukrayna ve Suriye Krizinin Orta Asya’ya Etkileri”, 2. Uluslararası Öğrenciler Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, p. 687-695, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi. Konya.
  • Özkan, M.F. and Baba, G. (2015), “Unpredictable Power Broker: Russia’s Role in Iran’s Nuclear Capability Development”, Ortadoğu Etütleri, 6(2): 112-134.
  • Pannier, B. (2019a), “Keeping Afghanistan in Afghanistan”, The Cairo Review of Global Affairs, 34: 70-81.
  • Pannier, B. (2019b), “Uzbekistan Experiences The Pitfalls of Peacemaking in Afghanistan”, https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-afghanistan-taliban-peacemaking-pitfalls/30126897.html, 08.04.2020.
  • PMRUUN, (Permanent Mission of the Republic of Uzbekistan to the United Nations), (2017), “Address by President Shavkat Mirziyoyev at the General Debate of 72nd Session of UN General Assembly”, https://gadebate.un.org/sites/default/files/gastatements/72/uz_en.pdf, 06.04.2020.
  • Putz, C. (2019), “Uzbekistan Offers Samarkand as a Venue for Afghan Peace Talks”, https://thediplomat.com/2019/04/uzbekistan-offers-samarkand-as-a-venue-for-afghan-peace-talks/, 07.04.2020.
  • Qazi, S. (2018), “Afghan President Announces Team to Hold Peace Talks with Taliban”, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/11/afghan-president-announces-team-hold-peace-talks-taliban-181128100114901.html, 08.04.2020.
  • Qazi, S. (2020), “Afghanistan’s Taliban, US Sign Agreement Aimed at Ending War”, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/afghanistan-taliban-sign-deal-america-longest-war-200213063412531.html, 09.04.2020.
  • Railway Technology (2020), “Hairatan-Uzbekistan Rail Project”, https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/hairatanuzbekistanra/, 11.04.2020.
  • Raymond, G. A. and Kegley, C. W. (1985), “Third Party Mediation and International Norms: A Test of Two Models”, Conflict Management and Peace Science, 9(1): 33-52.
  • Reuters (2018a), “Uzbekistan Seeks Bigger Role in Afghan Peace Process”, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uzbekistan-afghanistan-conference/uzbekistan-seeks-bigger-role-in-afghan-peace-process-idUSKCN1GI254, 09.04.2020.
  • Reuters (2018b), “Uzbekistan Invites Afghan Government, Taliban for Peace Talks”, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uzbekistan-afghanistan/uzbekistan-invites-afghan-government-taliban-for-peace-talks-idUSKBN1JF0T8, 03.04.2020.
  • Roggio, B. and Gutowski, A. (2017), “LWJ Map Assessment: Taliban Controls or Contests 45% of Afghan Districts”, https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/09/lwj-map-assessment-taliban-controls-or-contests-45-of-afghan-districts.php, 05.04.2020.
  • Rojin, B. (2015), “Viloyat Xorasan”, http://voicesevas.ru/geopolitica/18751-vilayat-horasan.html 08.04.2020.
  • Saifullah, M. (2018), “Why Central Asian States Want Peace with the Taliban”, https://www.dw.com/en/why-central-asian-states-want-peace-with-the-taliban/a-43150911, 07.04.2020. Sanderson, T.M., Kimmage, D. and Gordon, D. A. (2010), “From the Ferghana Valley to South Waziristan: The Evolving Threat of Central Asian Jihadists”, A Report of the Transnational Project, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Washington.
  • Sembler, P.K. (2019), “Planned US-Uzbek Summit Could Further Afghan Peace”, https://asiatimes.com/2019/09/planned-us-uzbek-summit-could-further-afghan-peace/, 10.04.2020.
  • Sharifi, S. and Adamou, L. (2018), “Taliban Threaten 70% of Afghanistan, BBC Finds”, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42863116, 12.04.2020.
  • Sharipzhan, M. (2015), “IMU Declares It Is Now Part Of The Islamic State”, https://www.rferl.org/a/imu-islamic-state/27174567.html, 12.04.2020.
  • Shonazarov, U. (2018), “Afg‘oniston Bo‘yicha Toshkent Konferensiyasi Tinchlikka Erishish Borasidagi Tashabbuslarning Yangi Yo‘nalishini Boshlab Beradi”, http://uza.uz/uz/politics/afg-oniston-bo-yicha-toshkent-konferensiyasi-tinchlikka-eris-24-03-2018, 08.04.2020.
  • Singh, B. (2018), “Backing Uzbek Peace Process, US Hopes to Check China, Russia in Afghanistan”, http://www.indiandefencereview.com/backing-uzbek-peace-process-us-hopes-to-check-china-russia-in-afghanistan/, 06.04.2020.
  • Slim, R. M. (1992), “Small-State Mediation in International Relations: The Algerian Mediation of the Iranian Hostage Crisis”, Mediation in International Relations: Multiple Approaches to Conflict Management, J. Bercovitch and J. Z. Rubin (eds.), p. 206-231, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • Stein, M. (2012), “Uzbekistan’s View of Security in Afghanistan After 2014”, Military Review: (75-81).
  • Stone, R. (2019), “Uzbekistan: Rising Star of the Afghan Peace Process”, https://strafasia.com/uzbekistan-rising-star-of-the-afghan-peace-process/, 11.04.2020.
  • The Guardian (2020), “US and Taliban Sign Deal to Withdraw American Troops from Afghanistan”, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/29/us-taliban-sign-peace-agreement-afghanistan-war, 03.04.2020.
  • The Tashkent Times (2017), “Central Asia-Afghanistan Dialogue Format to Be Created”, http://tashkenttimes.uz/world/1793-central-asia-afghanistan-dialogue-format-to-be-created, 09.04.2020.
  • The UN (1993), “Address by Mr. Islam A. Karimov, President of the Republic of Uzbekistan in General Assembly Forty-Eighth Session”, https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/48/PV.6, 13.04.2020.
  • The UN (1999), “High-Level Meeting of “Six Plus Two” Group on Afghanistan”, https://www.un.org/press/en/1999/19990923.sgsm7144.doc.html, 12.04.2020.
  • The US Department of State (2020), “Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan”, https://www.state.gov/agreement-for-bringing-peace-to-afghanistan/, 06.04.2020.
  • Tolipov, F. (2012), “Uzbekistan Reintroduces Afghanistan Initiative at UNGA Session”, CACI Analyst, 14(22): 12-14.
  • TOLO News (2018), “Envoy Says Uzbekistan Will Mediate Afghan Peace Talks”, https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/envoy-says-uzbekistan-will-mediate-afghan-peace-talks, 06.04.2020.
  • Traynor, I. (2001), “Al-Qida Ally Reported Killed”, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/26/afghanistan.iantraynor, 11.04.2020.
  • Tür, Ö. and Salık, N. (2017), “Uluslararası İlişkilerde “Küçük Devletler”: Gelişimi, Tanımı, Dış Politika ve İttifak Davranışları”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 14(52): 3-22.
  • UzA (2020), “Uzbekistan’s Initiative Plays an Important Role in Reaching the Peace Agreement on Afghanistan”, http://uza.uz/en/politics/uzbekistan-s-initiative-plays-an-important-role-in-reaching--01-03-2020, 12.04.2020.
  • UzDaily (2019), “Afghanistan Fiber Optic Cable Connected to Uzbekistan”, https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-6370.htm, 09.04.2020.
  • Vukovic, S. (2014), “International Mediation as a Distinct form of Conflict Management”, International Journal of Conflict Management, 25(1): 61-80.
  • Walsh, D. and Khan, I. (2012), “Uzbek Group Says Drone Killed the Leader”, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/world/asia/us-drone-strike-kills-uzbek-militant-leader.html, 12.04.2020.
  • Walt, S. M. (1987), The Origins of Alliances, Cornell University Press, New York.
  • Waltz, K. (1979), Theory of International Politics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Massachusetts.
  • Wivel, A. (2005), “The Security Challenge of Small EU Member States: Interests, Identity and the Development of the EU as a Security Actor”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 43(2): 393-412.
  • Wong, E. (2020), “Violence Must Stop Before Afghanistan Peace Agreement, Pompeo Says”, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/03/us/politics/Afghanistan-Pompeo-Taliban-Peace.html, 07.04.2020.
  • Xalq So’zi (2018), “Tolibon Harakati Toshkentda O’tadigan Afg’oniston Bo’yicha Tinchlik Muzokaralariga Qiziqish Bildirdi”, http://xs.uz/uzkr/post/tolibon-harakati-toshkentda-otadigan-afgoniston-bojicha-tinchlik-muzokaralariga-qiziqish-bildirdi, 14.04.2020.
  • Zartman, W. (2013), “Mediation Roles for Large Small Countries”, Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 19(1): 13-25.
  • Zartman, W. and Touval, S. (1985), “International Mediation: Conflict Resolution and Power Politics”, Journal of Social Issues, 41(2): 27-45.
  • Zenn, J. (2016), “The IMU is Extinct: What Next for Central Asia’s Jihadists?”, https://cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13357-the-imu-is-extinct-what-new-for-central-asias-jihadis?.%20html, 11.04.2020.
Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi-Cover
  • Başlangıç: 2015
  • Yayıncı: Politik Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Merkezi
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

BU YÜZYILIN DERSİ

Barış SÜR

Özbekistan’ın Komşu ve Küçük Bir Devlet Olarak Afganistan Barış Sürecindeki Rolü

Muhammet Fatih ÖZKAN, Otabek OMONKULOV

Manda Yönetiminden Sonra Tunus ve Cezayir’de Siyaset Kurumu

Onur ÇAPAR

Türkiye’nin Su Yönetim Politikaları: Ulusal Güvenlik Açısından Bir Değerlendirme

Erol TURAN, Ergin BAYRAKDAR

(Neo) Nazizm ve Futbol: Yasaklı Bir İdeolojinin Stadyumlardaki İzdüşümü

Yiğit Anıl GÜZELİPEK