Uluslararası Hukukta Kuvvet Kullanma Yasağı Kapsamında Rusya’nın Ukrayna’ya Müdahalesi

Rusya’nın Ukrayna’ya müdahalesi, tüm dünyada yankı uyandıran önemli bir gelişmedir.Rusya Devlet Başkanı Putin, temel olarak iki ana gerekçeye dayanarak, Ukrayna’ya müdahalede bulunmuştur.Bunlardan “ilki BM Antlaşması m.51 uyarınca kolektif meşru müdafaa hakkının kullanıldığıdır. İkincisi ise Ukrayna’daki Rus nüfusun soykırıma varan ağır insan hakkı ihlalleri sebebiyle insani müdahaleye başvurulduğudur”. Uluslararası hukukta, kuvvet kullanma yasağı, BM Antlaşması m.2/4’te temelini bulmaktadır. “Kuvvet kullanma tekeli”yse Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi’ne hasredilmiştir. “BM Antlaşması m.51’de tanımlanan bireysel yahut kolektif meşru müdafaa hakkı ve BMGK’nın BM Antlaşması Bölüm VII üzerine alacağı kuvvet kullanma kararı bu yasağın istisnalarını oluşturmaktadır”. Bu minvalde, BM Antlaşması m.2/4’te tanımlanan kuvvet kullanma yasağı ve bu yasağın istisnaları çerçevesinde Rusya’nın Ukrayna’ya müdahalesinin uluslararası hukuktaki yerine değinilecektir.

___

  • Acer, Y., & Kaya, İ. (2021). Uluslararası Hukuk. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık. , Akışoğlu, Ö. (2012, July 1). Nikaragua Davası Işığında Uluslararası Hukukta Meşru Müdafaa. MY UNIVERSITIES. https://myuniversities.wordpress.com/2012/07/01/nikaragua-davasi-isiginda-uluslararasi-hukukta-mesru-mudafaa/ (22.10.2022)
  • Allen, J. (2022, February 23). Putin says he is fighting a resurgence of Nazism. That's not true. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/live-blog/russia-ukraine-conflict-live-updates-n1289655/ncrd1289673#blogHeader (22.10.2022)
  • Anadolu Ajansı. (2022, September 30). Rusya, Ukrayna'nın bazı bölgelerinin ilhakını kınayan BMGK taslağını veto etti. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/rusya-ukraynanin-bazi-bolgelerinin-ilhakini-kinayan-bmgk-taslagini-veto-etti/2699642 (22.10.2022)
  • Arnold, K. (2020, July 1). “There is no Ukraine”: Fact-Checking the Kremlin's Version of Ukrainian History. LSE Blogs. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lseih/2020/07/01/there-is-no-ukraine-fact-checking-the-kremlins-version-of-ukrainian-history/ (22.10.2022)
  • Article by Vladimir Putin ”On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians“. (2021, 07 12). https://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181 , Aydın, A. B. (n.d.). Uluslararası Hukukta Önleyici ve Öngörücü Meşru Müdafaa Hakkı. Hukuk Vakfı. https://www.hukukvakfi.org/_files/ugd/6325d1_4c2bfce021e4479a9f8e9814439bb378.pdf (22.10.2022)
  • Beyoğlu, C. Ü. (2018). Kuvvet kullanma yasağı kapsamında devletlerin bireysel meşru müdafaa hakkı. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Cassese, A. (2001). International Law. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • ÇEVİRİ | Putin’in Ulusa Sesleniş Konuşması: Geleneksel değerlerimizi yok etmeye çalıştılar. (2022, February 27). Serbestiyet. https://serbestiyet.com/haberler/ceviri-putinin-ulusa-seslenis-konusmasi-geleneksel-degerlerimizi-yok-etmeye-calistilar-85581/ (22.10.2022)
  • Charap, S., & Boston, S. (2022, January 21). U.S. Military Aid to Ukraine: A Silver Bullet? RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/blog/2022/01/us-military-aid-to-ukraine-a-silver-bullet.html (22.10.2022)
  • Cohan, J. A. (2003). The Bush Doctrine and the Emerging Norm of Anticipatory Self-Defense in Customary International Law. Pace International Law Review, 15(2), 283-357.
  • Coyer, C., & Charles, J. (2022, February 25). Why Ukraine isn’t a NATO member and why it can’t join now. Miami Herald. https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/article258774458.html (22.10.2022)
  • Davidoff, V. (2021, October 11). Russia Shouldn’t Negotiate With ‘Vassal’ Ukraine, Ex-President Medvedev Says. The Moscow Times. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/10/11/russia-shouldnt-negotiate-with-vassal-ukraine-ex-president-medvedev-says-a75263 (22.10.2022)
  • Değdaş, U. C. (2018). Uluslararası Hukukta Meşru Müdafaa Hakkı. Anadolu Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(6), 21-40.
  • Dilek, M. S. (2013, Bahar). Büyük Güçlerin Politikaları ve Briand-Kellogg Paktı. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 10(37), 145-169.
  • Dojas, A. E. (2016). Legality of a Use of Force and the Practice of States. What Can Be Expected in the Next Two Decades? Estudios Internacionales, 48(183), 153-183.
  • Exclusive: Charred tanks in Ukraine point to Russian involvement. (2014, October 23). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-tanks-exclusive-idUSKCN0IC1GE20141023 (22.10.2022)
  • Extracts from Putin's speech on Ukraine. (2022, February 21). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/extracts-putins-speech-ukraine-2022-02-21/ (22.10.2022)
  • France says Russia refused to hold ministerial meeting on Ukraine. (2021, November 9). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/france-says-russia-refused-hold-normandy-format-meeting-ukraine-2021-11-09/ (22.10.2022)
  • Frank, T. (1970). Who Killed Article 2(4)? or: Changing Norms Governing the Use of Force by States. The American Journal of International Law, 64(5), 809-837.
  • Gray, C. (2013, 08 17). The ICJ and the Use of Force. SSRN. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2311217 (22.10.2022)
  • Gündüz, A. (2015). Milletlerarası Hukuk. Ankara: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Halhallı, O. E. (2022). Rusya Federasyonu ve Ukrayna Çatışmasının Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Kısa Bir Analizi. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 442-464.
  • Handerson, E. (2004). Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter: whimsical ideal or binding legal obligation in relation to operation Iraqi Freedom? Canterbury Law Review, (10), 105-120.
  • Hurd, I. (2011). Is Humanitarian Intervention Legal? The Rule of Law in an Incoherent World,. Ethics & International Affairs, 25(3), 293-313.
  • Irak'ın biyolojik silahı var' diyen itirafçı: Yalan söyledim. (2011, February 16). BBC. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2011/02/110216_iraqi_defactor (22.10.2022)
  • Jayakumar, K. (2012, February 6). Humanitarian Intervention: A Legal Analysis. E-International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/2012/02/06/humanitarian-intervention-a-legal-analysis/ (22.10.2022)
  • Kunz, J. L. (1947). Individual and Collective Self-Defense in Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations. The American Journal of International Law, 41(4), 872-879.
  • MacKinnon, M., & Trichur, R. (2021, December 21). Putin warns of unspecified military response if U.S. and NATO continue 'aggressive line'. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-putin-warns-of-unspecified-military-response-if-us-and-nato-continue/ (22.10.2022)
  • Michel, C., & Strangio, S. (2015, June 19). Pew Survey: Irredentism Alive and Well in Russia. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/pew-survey-irredentism-alive-and-well-in-russia/ (22.10.2022)
  • Öğütçü, B. (2015). Meşru Müdafaa Hakkı Kapsamında Afganistan’a Yapılan Müdahalenin Hukuki Geçerliliği (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
  • Perrigo, B. (2022, February 22). How Putin’s Denial of Ukraine’s Statehood Rewrites History. Time. https://time.com/6150046/ukraine-statehood-russia-history-putin/ (22.10.2022)
  • Prokopenko, A. (2021, December 10). Putin Says Conflict in Eastern Ukraine 'Looks Like Genocide'. The Moscow Times. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/12/10/putin-says-conflict-in-eastern-ukraine-looks-like-genocide-a75780 (22.10.2022)
  • Putin using false 'Nazi' narrative to justify Russia's attack on Ukraine, experts say. (2022, February 24). NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/putin-claims-denazification-justify-russias-attack-ukraine-experts-say-rcna17537 (22.10.2022)
  • Ragozin, L. (2019, March 16). Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/3/16/annexation-of-crimea-a-masterclass-in-political-manipulation (22.10.2022)
  • Roth, A. (2021, December 7). Putin's Ukraine rhetoric driven by distorted view of neighbour. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/07/putins-ukraine-rhetoric-driven-by-distorted-view-of-neighbour (22.10.2022)
  • Sak, Y. (2015, Kış). Uluslararası Hukukta İnsancıl Müdahale ve Libya Örneği: Suriye’de Yaşanan ya da Yaşanacaklar için Dersler. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 11(44), 121-153.
  • Shi, J. (2018). Prohibition of Use of Force in International Law. Chinese Journal of International Law, 17(1), 1-14.
  • Snyder, T. (2022, January 18). How to think about war in Ukraine - by Timothy Snyder. Timothy Snyder | Substack. https://snyder.substack.com/p/how-to-think-about-war-in-ukraine (22.10.2022)
  • Stanley, J. (2022, February 27). The antisemitism animating Putin's claim to 'denazify' Ukraine | Jason Stanley. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/25/vladimir-putin-ukraine-attack-antisemitism-denazify (22.10.2022)
  • Sur, M. (2021). Uluslararası Hukukun Esasları. Ankara: Beta Basım Yayım.
  • Tétrault, G., & Balmforth, T. (2021, December 17). Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-unveils-security-guarantees-says-western-response-not-encouraging-2021-12-17/ (22.10.2022)
  • Tosun, F. (2009). Uluslararası Hukuk’ta “Kuvvet Kullanma ve Karışma” Kavramlarının Değişen Anlamı. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 5(9), 89-118.
  • Ukraine ceasefire violated more than 100 times within days: OSCE. (2020, July 29). Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/29/ukraine-ceasefire-violated-more-than-100-times-within-days-osce (22.10.2022)
  • Ukraine crisis: Vladimir Putin address fact-checked. (2022, February 22). BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/60477712 (22.10.2022)
  • US accuses Moscow of creating Ukraine invasion pretext with 'genocide' claims. (2022, February 16). France 24. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220216-us-accuses-moscow-of-creating-ukraine-invasion-pretext-with-genocide-claims (22.10.2022)
  • Vlasova, A. (2014, April 12). Armed pro-Russian insurgents in Luhansk say they are ready for police raid - Apr. 12, 2014. Kyiv Post. https://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/armed-pro-russian-insurgents-in-luhansk-say-they-are-ready-for-police-raid-343167.html (22.10.2022)
  • Walker, S., Grytsenko, O., & Ragozin, L. (2014, September 3). Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible'. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/03/ukraine-soldier-youre-better-clueless-because-truth-horrible-moscow-ilovaysk (22.10.2022)
  • Wedgwood, R. (1999). NATO's Campaign in Yugoslavia. The American Journal of International Law, 93(4), 828-834. Why Putin’s history essay requires a rewrite | Comment. (2020, September 15). The Times. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-putins-history-essay-requires-a-rewrite-6nzjzbqjb (22.10.2022)
  • Wood, M. (2013). Internatıonal Law and the Use of Force: What Happens In Practıce? Indian Journal of International Law, 53, 345-367.
  • Yılmaz, E. A., & Irk, O. (2015). Nikaragua Divan Kararları Işığında Kuvvet Kullanma ve Meşru Müdafaa Sorunu. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2), 151-166.