Ekle-Karıştır Eleştirisinin Ötesine Geçmek: Keşmir'deki Hibrit Edimsel Devletin Erkeklikçi Mirasının İzini Sürmek

Batı merkezli bir bilgi yanlılığı, Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplinini bir süredir rahatsız etmiş ve Batılı olmayan birçok akademisyeni yerli bilgi sistemleri geliştirmeye teşvik etmiştir. Ancak bunu yapmanın, hem belirli kültürleri/tarihleri özselleştirme hem de bilgi üretiminin hiyerarşik ve dışlayıcı yapısını yeniden üretme riski bulunmaktadır. Batılı olmayan yaklaşımların Uluslararası İlişkilere yönelttiği ekle-karıştır eleştirisinin tarzının ötesine geçen bu makale, toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı devlet uygulamalarını anlamak için bağlantıların ve melez tarihlerin önemini araştırmaktadır. Keşmir‘deki devlet performansına ilişkin bir vaka çalışması aracılığıyla, makale hem Batılı hem de Batılı olmayan tarihlerden türetilen melez erkeksi mirasların (sömürge, Brahmini ve Kshatriya) izini sürmektedir.

Going Beyond the Add-and-Stir Critique: Tracing the Hybrid Masculinist Legacies of the Performative State

A West-centric knowledge bias has plagued International Relations (IR) for some time, prompting many non-West scholars to develop indigenous knowledge systems. In doing so, there is, however, a risk of both essentialization of certain cultures/histories; and reproducing the hierarchic and exclusionary structure of knowledge production. Moving beyond the add and stir critique style of non-Western approaches to IR, this paper explores the significance of connections and hybrid histories to understand gendered state practices. Through a case study of state performance in Kashmir, the paper traces the hybrid masculinist legacies (colonial, Brahminical and Kshatriya) derived from both Western and non-Western histories.

___

Acharya, Amitav and Barry Buzan (2009). Non-Western International Relations Theory: Perspectives on And Beyond Asia. New York, Routledge.

Akbar, M.J (2002). Kashmir: Behind the Vale. New Delhi, Roli Books Pvt. Ltd.

Anand, Dibyesh (2007). “Anxious Sexualities: Masculinities, Nationalism and Violence”. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. Vol. 9, No. 2. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1467- 856x.2007.00282.x. (accessed on 10/02/2021).

Bajpai, Kanti (2003). “Indian Conceptions of Order and Justice: Nehruvian, Gandhian, Hindutva and Neo-Liberal” R. Foot, et al (ed.), Order and Justice in International Relations. New York, Oxford University Press, p. 236–261.

Baweja, Harinder (1992) “Kashmir: A Calculated Gamble”. India Today.

Behera, Navnita C (2007). “Re-imagining IR in India”, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific. Vol.7, p. 341–368.

Bhambra, Gurminder K (2010). “Historical Sociology, International Relations and Connected Histories”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 23, No. 1, p. 127–143.

Bilgin, Pinar (2016). ““Contrapuntal Reading” as a Method, an Ethos and a Metaphor for Global IR”, International Studies Review, No. 18, p. 134–146.

Bukhari, Parvez (2011). “Kashmir: India’s Pyramid of Unchanging Policy Posture”, Conveyor, Vol.3 No.2.

Butler, Judith (1997). Excitable Speech: A Politics of Performative. New York, Routledge

Capan, Zeynep Gulsah (2016). Rewriting International Relations: History and Theory Beyond Eurocentrism in Turkey. London and New York, Rowman and Littelfield.

Chacko, Priya (2012). Indian Foreign Policy: The Politics of Postcolonial Identity from 1947-2004. London and New York, Routledge.

Chaffee, Lyman G (1993). Political Protests and Street Art: Popular Tools for Democratization in Hispanic Countries. New York, Green Wood Press.

Chakravarti, Uma (1988). “Saffronising the Past: Of Myths, Histories and Right Wing Agendas”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 33, No. 5, p. 225-232.

Chenoy, Anuradha M. (2002). Militarism and Women in South Asia. New Delhi, Kali for Women.

Chenoy, Anuradha M. (1998). “Militarization, Conflict and Women in South Asia”, L.A Lorentzen and Jennifer Turpin (eds.) The Women And War Reader. New York, New York University Press.

Chowdhury-Sengupta, Indira. (1995). “The Effeminate and the Masculine: Nationalism and the Concept of Race in Colonial Bengal”, Peter Robb (ed)., The Concept of Race in South Asia. New Delhi, Oxford University Press.

Chimni, B.S. (2004). International Law and World Order: A Critique of Contemporary Approaches. New Delhi, Sage Publications.

Dasgupta, Chandrashekhar (2002). War and Diplomacy in Kashmir: 1947-48. Delhi, Sage.

Duriesmith, David (2018). “Hybrid Warriors and the Formation of New War Masculinities: A Case Study of Indonesian Foreign Fighters”, Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, Vol. 7, No.1.

Habibullah, Wajahat. (2008). My Kashmir: Conflict and the Prospects of Enduring Peace. Washington, United States Institute of Peace Press.

Harshe, Rajen (ed.) (2004). Interpreting Globalisation: Perspectives in International Relations. New Delhi, ICSSR and Rawat Publications.

Hansen, Thomas B. (1996). “Recuperating Masculinity: Hindu Nationalism, Violence and the Exorcism of the Muslim ‘Other’”, Critique of Anthropology. Vol. 16, No.2, p. 137–172.

Henry, Marsha et al. (2009). “Positionality and Power: The Politics of Peacekeeping Research”, International Peacekeeping, Vol. 16, No.4, p. 467-482.

Inayatullah, Nayeem and David Blaney (1996). “Knowing Encounters: Beyond Parochialism in International Relations Theory”, Yosef Lapid and Friedrich V. Kratochwil (eds.) The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, p. 65–84.

Koshy, Ninan (2005). “Nuclear Weapons and India’s Foreign Policy”, Rajen Harshe and K.M. Seethi (eds.), New Delhi, Orient Blackswan.

Liebig, Michael (2013). “Kautilya’s Relevance for India Today”, India Quarterly: A Journal of Indian Affairs, Vol.69, No. 2, p. 99–116.

Manchanda, Rita (2001). Women, War and Peace in South Asia: Beyond Victimhood to Agency. New Delhi, Sage.

Mehta, Pratap Bhanu (2005). “SAARC and the Sovereignty Bargain”, Himal South Asian, November-December Issue, p. 17–21.

Mena, Ferran P. (2020). “The Trap of Diversity: What Constitutes ‘Non-Western IR Theory’?”, E-International Relations. Available at: https://www.e-ir.info/2020/05/08/the-trap-of-diversity-what-constitutes-non-western-ir-theory/ (accessed on 14/04/21).

Mitra, Subrat K. and Michael Liebig, Michael (2017). Kautilya’s Arthashastra: An Intellectual Portrait: The Classical Roots of Modern Politics in India. Frankfurt, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.

Munn, Jamie (2007). “The Hegemonic Male and Kosovar Nationalism, 2000-2005”, Men and Masculinities, Vol. 10, No. 4.

Myrttinen, Henri et al. (2016). “Re-thinking Hegemonic Masculinities in Conflict Affected Contexts”, Critical Military Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 103–119.

Nandy, Ashis (1983). The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of the Self Under Colonialism. New Delhi, Oxford University Press.

Nilan, Pam. and Carles Feixa (2006). “Introduction: Youth Hybridity and Plural Worlds”, Pam Nilan and Carles Feixa (eds.) Global Youth? Hybrid Identities, Plural Worlds, Oxon, Routledge, p. 1–13.

O’Hanlon, Rosalind (1997). “Issues of Masculinity in North Indian History: The Bangash Nawabs of Farrukkha”, Indian Journal of Gender Studies, Vol.4, No.4, p.1-19.

Olivelle, Patrick (2014). King, Governance and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya’s Arthashastra–A New Annotated Translation. New Delhi, Oxford University Press.

Osuri, Goldie and Ather Zia (2017). “Kashmir and Palestine: Itineraries of (Anti) colonial Solidarity”, Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, Vol. 27 No.3, p. 339-356.

Pandit, Idrisa (2019). “The ‘Israel Model’: The fragile Paradise of Kashmir faces an Existential Threat”, Middle East Eye, December 3.

Parashar, Swati (2018). “Competing Masculinities, Militarization and the Conflict in Kashmir”, International Feminist Journal of Politics (IFJP), Vol. 20, No. 4, p. 663–665.

Pasha, Mustapha K (2011). “Western Nihilism and Dialogue: Prelude to an Uncanny Encounter in International Relations”, Millennium—Journal of International Studies, Vol. 39, No.3, p. 683–99.

Peterson, Spike V (1992). Gendered States: Feminist Revisions of International Relations Theory. Lynne Rienner.

Sarkar, Benoy K (1919). “The Hindu Theory of International Relations”, American Political Science Association, Vol. 13, No. 3, p. 400-414.

Said, Edward (1978). Orientalism. New York, Vintage Books.

Schulz, Philipp (2020). Male Survivors of Wartime Sexual Violence: Perspectives From Northern Uganda. Oakland, University of California Press.

Seth, Sanjay (2011). “Post-Colonial Theory and the Critique of International Relations”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 40, No. 1.

Shani, Giorgio (2008). “Toward a Post-Western IR: The Umma, Khalsa Panth, and Critical International Relations Theory”, International Studies Review, Vol.10, No.4, p. 722–34.

Shilliam, Robbie (2009). “The Enigmatic Figure of the Non-Western Thinker in International relations”, Antepodium: Online Journal of World Affairs, Victoria University of Wellington.

Sinha, Mrinalini (1999). “Giving Masculinity a History: Some Contributions From the Historiography of Colonial India”, Gender and History, Vol. 11, No.3, p. 445- 460.

Sivakumaran, Sandesh (2007). “Sexual Violence against Men in Armed Conflict”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 18, No. 2, p. 253–276.

Suleri, Sara (1992). The Rhetoric of English India. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

Touquet, Heleen. and Ellen Gorris (2016). “Out of the Shadows? The Inclusion of Men and Boys in Conceptualizations of Wartime Sexual Violence”, Reproductive Health Matters, Vol. 24, No. 47, p. 36–46.

Vanaik, Achin (2004). “Globalization and international relations”, Achin Vanaik (ed.),Globalization and South Asia: Multidimensional Perspectives. New Delhi: Manohar.

Whitehead, Andrew (2007). A Mission in Kashmir. New Delhi, Penguin.

“Land transfer to Hindu Site Inflames Kashmir’s Musims”. New York Times, June 28, 2008.

Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi-Cover
  • ISSN: 1304-7310
  • Başlangıç: 2004
  • Yayıncı: Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi Derneği İktisadi İşletmesi