Ufuk ALKAN

10821

EUROPEANIZATION OF TURKEY’S RELATIONS WITH GREECE

EUROPEANIZATION OF TURKEY’S RELATIONS WITH GREECE

The Europeanization of Turkey’s relations with Greece is significant in that it exemplifies to some extent the way the EU has influenced Turkish Foreign Policy, especially after the 1999 Helsinki European Council. It is also illustrative of the rational instrumentality underlying Turkey’s Europeanization. Therefore, it is argued in the article that Turkey has been consistently instrumental in its approach to the Europeanization of its relations with Greece. In this respect, the main research question concerns Turkey’s relations with Greece and its impact on EU-Turkey relations. To this end, the Europeanization framework is applied to understand and explain how EU conditionality helps EU member states achieve their national interests. As a matter of fact, what the EU obliges Turkey to fulfil before its accession is decided unanimously by its member states. The member states of the EU have the opportunity to shape the conditions set out by the EU for fulfilment by Turkey through conditionality. Therefore, it is concluded in the article that for the advancement of relations with the EU, Turkey needs to improve relations with member states.
Keywords:

Europeanization, Turkish-Greek Relations, Turkish Foreign Policy Aegean Dispute,

PDF

___

  • Aksu, F. (2004) “Ege ve Kıbrıs Sorunlarının Çözümünde Avrupa Birliği’nin Tutumu”, Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(3), 103-132.
  • Athanassopoulou, E. (1997) “Blessing in Disguise? The Imia Crisis and Turkish-Greek Relations”, Mediterranean Politics, 2(3), 76-101.
  • Athens News Agency (1999) Greece Stands by Position on Turkey’s EU Prospects, 5 June, http://www.hri.org/news/greek/ana/1999/99-06-05.ana.html#03 (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Athens News Agency (1999a) Issue of Greek Veto to EU Financial Protocol Reappears, 25 August. http://www.hri.org/news/greek/ana/1999/99-08-25.ana.html#02 (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Athens News Agency (1999b) FM Papandreou Cites ‘Progress’ in Greek-Turkish Dialogue, Decision to Expand Contacts, 25 September, http://www.hri.org/news/greek/ana/1999/99-09-25.ana.html#01 (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Aydın, M. (2000) “Determinants of Turkish Foreign Policy: Changing Patterns and Conjunctures during the Cold War”, Middle Eastern Studies, 36(1), 103-139.
  • Aydın, M. and S. A. Açıkmeşe (2007) “Europeanization through EU conditionality: understanding the new era in Turkish Foreign Policy”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 9(3), 263-274.
  • Aydın-Düzgit: and A. Kaliber (2016) “Encounters with Europe in an Era of Domestic and International Turmoil: Is Turkey a De-Europeanising Candidate Country?”, South European Society and Politics, 21(1), 1-14.
  • Bulmer, S. J. and C. M. Radaelli (2004) “The Europeanization of National Policy?”, Queen’s Papers on Europeanization, 1/2004, [Online], Available at: https://ceses.cuni.cz/CESES-141-version1-2_2__Radaelli_europeanization_of_national_policy.pdf [accessed: 15 November 2021].
  • Cebeci, M. (2016) “De-Europeanisation or Counter-Conduct? Turkey’s Democratisation and the EU”, South European Society and Politics, 21(1), 119-132.
  • Charter of the United Nations (1945). http://www.mfa.gov.tr/data/Kutuphane/MultilateralConventions/CharteroftheUnitedNations.pdf (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Council of the EU (2005) Negotiating Framework Document, 3 October. http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/turkey/st20002_05_tr_framedoc_en.pdf (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Council of the EU (2006) “2770th Council Meeting General Affairs and External Relations General Affairs”, Press Release, C/06/352, Brussels, 11 December.
  • Council of the EU (2008) Accession Partnership with the Republic of Turkey, (2008/157/EC). http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:051:0004:0018:EN:PDF (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Council of the EU (2018) “Council Conclusions on Enlargement and Stabilisation and Association Process”, Outcome of Proceedings, 10555/18 ELARG 41 COWEB 102, Brussels, 25 June.
  • Diez, T. (2002) “Last Exit to Paradise? The European Union, the Cyprus Conflict and the Problematic Catalytic Effect”, Thomas Diez (der.) The European Union and the Cyprus Conflict: Modern Conflict, Postmodern Union içinde. Manchester ve New York: Manchester University Press, 139-162.
  • Diez, T.: Stetter and M. Albert (2006) “The European Union and Border Conflicts: The Transformative Power of Integration”, International Organization, 60(3), 563-593.
  • Economides: (2005) “The Europeanization of Greek Foreign Policy”, West European Politics, 28(2), 471-491.
  • European Commission (1976) Commission Opinion on the Greek Request for Membership, COM(76) 30 final. http://tr.scribd.com/doc/97512305/1976-EU-Commission-Opinion-on-Greek-Accession (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • European Commission (1989) Commission Opinion on Turkey’s Request for Accession to the Community, SEC(89) 2290 final. http://aei.pitt.edu/4475/1/4475.pdf (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • European Commission (1998) European Strategy for Turkey: The Commission’s Initial Operational Proposals, COM(1998) 124 final. http://aei.pitt.edu/4356/1/4356.pdf (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • European Commission (2000) Regular Report on Turkey’s Progress Towards Accession. http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_documents/2000/tu_en.pdf (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • European Commission (2001) Regular Report on Turkey’s Progress Towards Accession, SEC(2001) 1756.
  • http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_documents/2001/tu_en.pdf (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • European Commission (2002) Regular Report on Turkey’s Progress Towards Accession, SEC(2002) 1412 {COM(2002) 700 final}. http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_documents/2002/tu_en.pdf (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • European Commission (2003) Regular Report on Turkey’s Progress Towards Accession. http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_documents/2003/rr_tk_final_en.pdf (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • European Council (1997) Presidency Conclusions, 12-13 Aralık. http://www.ab.gov.tr/files/ardb/evt/1_avrupa_birligi/1_4_zirveler_1985_sonrasi/1997_12_luksemburg_zirvesi_baskanlik_sonuc_bildirgesi_en.pdf (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • European Council (1999) Presidency Conclusions, 3-4 Haziran, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/kolnen.htm (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • European Council (1999a) Presidency Conclusions, 10-11 December. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/ACFA4C.htm (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Council (2002) Presidency Conclusions, 12-13 Aralık. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/73842.pdf (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • European Council (2004) Presidency Conclusions, 16-17 December. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/83201.pdf (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Giegerich, B. and W. Wallace (2010) “Foreign and Security Policy: Civilian Power Europe and American Leadership”, in Helen, Wallace, Mark A. Pollack and Alasdair R. Young (eds) Policy-Making in the European Union, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 431-455.
  • Hale, W. and G. Avcı (2002) “Turkey and the European Union: The Long Road to Membership” in Barry Rubin and Kemal Kirişçi (eds) Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power, İstanbul: Boğaziçi University Press, 42-64.
  • Heraclides, A. (2002) “Greek-Turkish Relations from Discord to Détente: a Preliminary Evaluation”, The Review of International Affairs, 1(3), 17-32.
  • Heraclides, A. (2010) The Greek-Turkish Conflict in the Aegean: Imagined Enemies, Hampshire and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hill, C. (1998) “Convergence, Divergence and Dialectics: National Foreign Policies and the CFSP” in Jan Zielonka (ed) Paradoxes of European Foreign Policy, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 35-51.
  • Hill, C. and R. Wong (2011) “Introduction”, in Christopher Hill and Reuben Wong (eds) National and European Foreign Policies: Towards Europeanization, New York: Routledge, 1-18.
  • Hürriyet (1999) Yardım Yağıyor, 18 August. http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/1999/08/18/137263.asp (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Keridis, D. (2001) “Domestic Developments and Foreign Policy: Greek Policy Toward Turkey”, Dimitris Keridis ve Dimitrios Triantaphyllou (der.) Greek-Turkish Relations in the Era of Globalization içinde. Dulles: Brassey’s, Inc., 2-18.
  • Ker-Lindsay, J. (2007) Crisis and Conciliation: a Year of Rapprochement between Greece and Turkey, London: I.B.Taurus.
  • Kotzias, N. (2009) “EU, Turkey and Greece: The Paradoxes of Convergence” Othon Anastasakis, Kalypso Nicolaidis ve Kerem Öktem (der.) In the Long Shadow of Europe: Greeks and Turks in the Era of Postnationalism içinde. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 263-285.
  • Kut, Ş. (2001) “Türk Dış Politikasında Ege Sorunu” in Faruk Sönmezoğlu (ed) Türk Dış Politikasının Analizi, İstanbul: Der Yayınları, 253-270.
  • Larrabee: F. (2001) “Security in the Eastern Mediterranean: Transatlantic Challenges and Perspectives”, in Dimitris Keridis and Dimitrios Triantaphyllou (eds) Greek-Turkish Relations in the Era of Globalization, Dulles: Brassey’s, Inc., 224-238.
  • Larrabee: F. and I. O. Lesser (2003) Turkish Foreign Policy in an Age of Uncertainty, Pittsburgh: RAND Corporation
  • Letter from Mr George Papandreou, Foreign Minister of the Republic of Greece to Mr Ismail Cem, Foreign Minister of the Republic of Turkey (1999). http://www.oocities.org/turkishgreek/papandre.htm (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Letter from Mr Ismail Cem, Foreign Minister of the Republic of Turkey, to Mr George Papandreou, Foreign Minister of the Republic of Greece (1999). http://www.oocities.org/turkishgreek/papandre.htm (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Madrid Declaration (1997). http://www.hri.org/MFA/thesis/summer97/section.html (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Manners, I. and R. G. Whitman (2000) “Conclusion”, in Ian Manners ad Richard G. Whitman (eds) The Foreign Policies of European Union Member States, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 243-273.
  • Milliyet (1997) Denge Bozulursa Türkiye Vurur, 06 January, http://gazetearsivi.milliyet.com.tr/ (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Milliyet (1999) Atina’ya Savaş Uyarısı, 23 February, http://gazetearsivi.milliyet.com.tr/ (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Milliyet (1999a) İsmail Cem’den BM Atağı, 19 March, http://gazetearsivi.milliyet.com.tr/ (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Milliyet (1999b) Sevgi Köprüsüyüz, 10 September, http://gazetearsivi.milliyet.com.tr/ (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Milliyet (2000) Atina Cem’e Hazır, 02 February, http://gazetearsivi.milliyet.com.tr/ (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Milliyet (2000) Yunanistan’la Barış Süreci, 24 January, http://gazetearsivi.milliyet.com.tr/ (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece (2010) Joint Communiqué between the Government of the Hellenic Republic and the Government of the Republic of Turkey,15 May, http://www.mfa.gr/en/issues-of-greek-turkish-relations/relevant-documents/joint communique-between-the-government-of-the-hellenic-republic-and-the-government-of-the-republic-of-turkey.html (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Moravcsik, A. (1993) “Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach", Journal of Common Market Studies, 31(4), 473–524.
  • Moumoutzis, K. (2011) “Still Fashionable Yet Useless? Addressing Problems with Research on the Europeanization of Foreign Policy” Journal of Common Market Studies, 49(3), 607-629.
  • Müftüler-Baç, M. (2008) “The European Union’s Accession Negotiations with Turkey from a Foreign Policy Perspective”, European Integration, 30(1), 63-78.
  • Nachmani, A. (2002) “What Says the Neighbor to the West? On Turkish-Greek Relations” in Barry Rubin and Kemal Kirişçi (eds) Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power, İstanbul: Boğaziçi University Press, 93-121.
  • Nas, Ç. (2012) “Europeanization of Identity: The Case of the Rebuffed Candidate”, Çiğdem Nas ve Yonca Özer (der.) Turkey and the European Union: Processes of Europeanization içinde. Aldershot: Ashgate, 23-44.
  • National Programme for the Adoption of the Acquis (2001). https://www.ab.gov.tr/_195_en.html (accessed 16 May 2020).
  • Öniş Z. and Ş. Yılmaz (2008) “Greek-Turkish Rapprochement: Rhetoric or Reality?”, Political Science Quarterly, 123(1), 123-149.
  • Öniş, Z. (2003) “The Role of the European Union in Greek-Turkish Relations: Perpetuator of Conflict or Contributor to Peace?” in Christos Kollias and Gülay Günlük Şenesen (eds) Greece and Turkey in the 21st Century: Conflict or Cooperation. A Political Economy Perspective, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 165-178.
  • Özcan, G. (2010) “The Changing Role of Turkey’s Military in Foreign Policy Making”, UNISCI Discussion Papers, 23(2), 23-46.
  • Özer, Y. (2012) “The EU’s Impact on Democratization in Turkey: Europeanization through Political Conditionality”, Çiğdem Nas ve Yonca Özer (der.) Turkey and the European Union: Processes of Europeanization içinde. Aldershot: Ashgate, 45-68.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Background Note on Aegean Dispute https://www.mfa.gov.tr/background-note-on-aegean-dispute.en.mfa, (accessed 24 November 2021), (accessed 24 November 2021).
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Cyprus, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/the-cyprus-issue-overview.en.mfa, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Relations between Turkey and Greece https://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-greece.en.mfa, (accessed 24 November 2021).
  • Rumelili, B. (2007) “Transforming Conflicts on EU Borders: the Case of Greek-Turkish Relations”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 45(1), 105-126.
  • Rumelili, B. (2008) “Transforming the Greek-Turkish Conflicts: the EU and What We Make of It”, in Thomas Diez, Stephan Stetter and Mathias Albert (eds) The European Union and Border Conflicts: The Power of Integration and Association, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 94-128.
  • Sedelmeier, U. (2010) “Enlargement: From Rules for Accession to a Policy Towards Europe”, Helen, Wallace, Mark A. Pollack ve Alasdair R. Young (der.) Policy-Making in the European Union içinde. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 401-429.
  • Tonra, B. (2000) The Europeanization of National Foreign Policy: Dutch, Danish and Irish Foreign Policy in the European Union, Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Tonra, B. and T. Christiansen (2004) “The Study of EU Foreign Policy: Between International Relations and European Studies”, in Ben Tonra and Thomas Christiansen (eds) Rethinking European Union Foreign Policy, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1-9.
  • Triantaphyllou, D. (2005) “The Priorities of Greek Foreign Policy Today”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 5(3), 327-346.
  • Tsakaloyannis, P. (1980) “The European Community and the Greek-Turkish Dispute”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 19(1), 35-54.
  • Tsarouhas, D. (2009) “The Political Economy of Greek-Turkish Relations”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 9(1-2), 39-57.
  • Uğur, M. (1996) “Customs Union as a Substitute for Turkey's Membership? A re interpretation of EU‐Turkey Relations, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 10(1), 11-29.
  • Veremis, P. (2001) “The Protracted Crisis”, in Dimitris Keridis and Dimitrios Triantaphyllou (eds) Greek-Turkish Relations in the Era of Globalization, Dulles: Brassey’s, Inc., 42-55.
Uluslararası İlişkiler Çalışmaları Dergisi-Cover
  • Başlangıç: 2021
  • Yayıncı: Atatürk Üniversitesi
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

ULUSAL, BÖLGESEL VE KÜRESEL GÜÇ MÜCADELESİ BAĞLAMINDA İRAN’IN SURİYE İÇ SAVAŞI’NDAKİ ROLÜ

Recep Kemal KUZU

TURKEY AND NATO: QUESTIONING THE SOLIDARITY

Mehmet Seyfettin EROL, Şafak OĞUZ

THE CHINESE MODEL OF CYBER SOVEREIGNTY: MAIN PRINCIPLES AND IMPLEMENTATIONS

Enescan LORCİ

USA – RUSSIA RELATIONS IN THE OBAMA PERIOD: REFLECTIONS OF RESET POLICY

Önder ÇOBAN

EUROPEANIZATION OF TURKEY’S RELATIONS WITH GREECE

Ufuk ALKAN