BURSA ATMOSFERİNDEKİ POLİSİKLİK AROMATİK HİDROKARBON KONSANTRASYONLARI VE MUHTEMEL KAYNAKLARININ BELİRLENMESİ

Bu çalışmada Bursa’da 6 farklı noktada pasif hava örnekleyici kullanarak bir yıl boyunca dış ortam havasındaki PAH’ların konsantrasyon değerleri ve muhtemel kaynaklarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. En düşük konsantrasyon değeri arka plan olarak nitelendirilen Keles örnekleme noktasında ölçülmüş iken, en yüksek konsantrasyon değeri Sanayi/Tarım olarak nitelendirilen Hasanağa örnekleme noktasında ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen konsantrasyon değerleri Bursa’da daha önceki yıllarda yapılan çalışmalardan yüksek bulunmuştur. Bunun nedeninin yıllara göre sanayinin ve nüfusun artmasına bağlı olarak atmosferik PAH girdilerinin artması olduğu düşünülmüştür. PAH’ların muhtemel kaynaklarının belirlenmesinde ise literatürde sıklıkla kullanılan yöntem olan moleküler tanı oranlarından yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen moleküler tanı oranlarına göre Bursa atmosferindeki PAH’ların en büyük kaynaklarının fosil yakıtların yanması ile trafik olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca Bursa’da önceki yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda belirlenen PAH kaynakları ile bu çalışmada belirlenen PAH kaynakları arasında benzerlik bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Pasif hava örnekleyici, Moleküler tanı oranları, PAH, Bursa

Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentrations and Possible Sources in Bursa Atmosphere

In this study, it was aimed to determine the concentration values and possible sources of PAHs in the outdoor air for a year by using passive air samplers at 6 different points in Bursa. While the lowest concentration value was measured at the Keles sampling point, which is described as the background, the highest concentration value was measured at the Hasanağa sampling point, which is described as Industry/Agriculture. The obtained concentration values were found to be higher than the studies conducted in Bursa in previous years. The reason for this was thought to be the increase in atmospheric PAH inputs due to the increase in industry and population over the years. Molecular diagnosis rates, which is the method frequently used in the literature, were used to determine the possible sources of PAHs. According to the obtained molecular diagnosis rates, it was determined that the biggest sources of PAHs in Bursa atmosphere are combustion of fossil fuels and traffic. In addition, a similarity was found between the PAH sources determined in previous studies in Bursa and the PAH sources determined in this study.

Keywords:

passive air sampler, PAH, Bursa, Molecular Diagnostic Ratios,

PDF

___

1. Akyüz, M. ve Çabuk, H. (2008) Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment of Zonguldak, Turkey, Science of the Total Environment, 05, 2–10. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.07.026
2. Ambade, B., Sethi, S.S., Giri, B., Biswas, J.K. ve Bauddh, K. (2022) Characterization, Behavior, and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Estuary Sediments, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 108, 243–252. doi.org/10.1007/s00128-021-03393-3
3. Aydin, Y.M., Kara, M., Dumanoglu, Y., Odabasi, M. ve Elbir, T. (2014) Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ambient air of an industrial region in Turkey, Atmospheric Environment, 97, 271–285. doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.032
4. Boonyatumanond, R., Murakami, M., Wattayakorn, G., Togo, A. ve Takada, H. (2007) Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust in a tropical Asian mega-city, Bangkok, Thailand, Science of the Total Environment, 384, 420–432. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.06.046
5. Bozlaker, A., Muezzinoglu, A. ve Odabasi, M. (2008) Atmospheric concentrations , dry deposition and air – soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an industrial region in Turkey, Journal of the Hazardous Materials, 153, 1093–1102. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.064
6. Cetin, B., Yurdakul, S., Keles, M., Celik, I., Ozturk, F. ve Dogan, C. (2017) Atmospheric concentrations, distributions and air-soil exchange tendencies of PAHs and PCBs in a heavily industrialized area in Kocaeli, Turkey, Chemosphere, 183, 69–79. doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.103
7. Chun, M.Y. (2011) Relationship between PAHs Concentrations in Ambient Air and Deposited on Pine Needles, Environmental Health and Toxicology, 26, e2011004. doi.org/10.5620/eht.2011.26.e2011004
8. Esen, F. ve Kayıkçı, G. (2018) Determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor air samples in Bursa, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 33, 1531–1541. doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.416449
9. Esen, F., Tasdemir, Y. ve Vardar, N. (2008) Atmospheric concentrations of PAHs, their possible sources and gas-to-particle partitioning at a residential site of Bursa, Turkey, Atmospheric Research, 88, 243–255. doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.11.022
10. Fakinle, B.S., Odekanle, E.L., Ike-Ojukwu, C., Sonibare, O.O., Falowo, O.A., Olubiyo, F.W., Oke, D.O. ve Aremu, C.O. (2022) Quantification and health impact assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions from crop residue combustion, Heliyon, 8, e09113. doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09113
11. Hanedar, A., Alp, K., Kaynak, B., Baek, J., Avsar, E. ve Odman, M.T. (2011) Concentrations and sources of PAHs at three stations in Istanbul, Turkey, Atmospheric Research, 99, 391–399. doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.11.017
12. Hanedar, A., Alp, K., Kaynak, ve Avsar, E. (2014) Toxicity evaluation and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at three stations in Istanbul, Turkey, Science of the Total Environment, 488, 437-466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.123
13. Hassan, S.K. ve Khoder, M.I, (2012) Gas – particle concentration, distribution, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a traffic area of Giza, Egypt, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184, 3593–3612. doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2210-8
14. Herkert, N.J., Martinez, A. ve Hornbuckle, K.C. (2016) A Model Using Local Weather Data to Determine the Effective Sampling Volume for PCB Congeners Collected on Passive Air Samplers, Environmental Science & Technology, 50, 6690–6697. doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00319
15. Katsoyiannis, A. ve Breivik, K. (2014) Model-based evaluation of the use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons molecular diagnostic ratios as a source identification tool, Environmental Pollution, 184, 488–494. doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.028
16. Katsoyiannis, A., Terzi, E. ve Cai, Q. (2007) On the use of PAH molecular diagnostic ratios in sewage sludge for the understanding of the PAH sources. Is this use appropriate?, Chemosphere, 69, 1337– 1339. doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.084
17. Kukkar, D., Kukkar, P., Younis, S.A. ve Kim, K.H. (2022) The use of nanophotocatalysts for the effective mitigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous phase, Journal of Cleaner Production, 333, 130026. doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130026
18. Lourenço, R.A., Taniguchi, S., da Silva, J., Gallotta, F.D.C. ve Bícego, M.C. (2021) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine mammals: A review and synthesis, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 171. doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112699
19. Mandalakis, M., Gustafsson, Ö., Alsberg, T., Egebäck, A.L., Reddy, C.M., Xu, L., Klanova, J., Holoubek, I. ve Stephanou, E.G. (2005) Contribution of biomass burning to atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at three european background sites, Environmental Science & Technology, 39, 2976–2982. doi.org/10.1021/es048184v
20. Okedere, O.B. ve Elehinafe, F.B. (2022) Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Nigeria’s environment: A review, Scientific African, 16, e01144. doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01144
21. Okuda, T., Kumata, H., Zakaria, M.P., Naraoka, H., Ishiwatari, R. ve Takada, H. (2002) Source identification of Malaysian atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons nearby forest fires using molecular and isotopic compositions, Atmospheric Environment, 36, 611–618. doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00506-4
22. Pozo, K., Oyola, G., Estellano, V.H., Harner, T., Rudolph, A., Prybilova, P., Kukucka, P., Audi, O., Klánová, J., Metzdorff, A. ve Focardi, S. (2017) Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere of three Chilean cities using passive air samplers, Science of the Total Environment, 586, 107–114. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.054
23. Saha, M., Mizukawa, K., Murakami, M. ve Takada, H. (2009) Sources of sedimentary PAHs in tropical Asian waters : Differentiation between pyrogenic and petrogenic sources by alkyl homolog abundance, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58, 189–200. doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.04.049
24. Sari, M.F., Córdova Del Águila, D.A., Tasdemir, Y. ve Esen, F. (2020a) Atmospheric concentration, source identification, and health risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in two countries: Peru and Turkey, Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 192. doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08604-8
25. Sari, M.F. ve Esen, F. (2022) Atmospheric concentration, spatial variations, and source identification of persistent organic pollutants in urban and semi-urban areas using passive air samplers in Bursa, Turkey, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17987-1
26. Sari, M.F., Esen, F. ve Tasdemir, Y. (2020b) Biomonitoring and Source Identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Using Pine Tree Components from Three Different Sites in Bursa, Turkey, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 78, 646–657. doi.org/10.1007/s00244- 020-00722-1
27. Sharma, B.M., Melymuk, L., Bharat, G.K., Přibylová, P., Sáňka, O., Klánová, J. ve Nizzetto, L. (2018) Spatial gradients of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, atmospheric deposition, and surface water of the Ganges River basin, Science of the Total Environment, 627, 1495–1504. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.262
28. Tasdemir, Y. ve Esen, F. (2007) Urban air PAHs: Concentrations, temporal changes and gas/particle partitioning at a traffic site in Turkey, Atmospheric Research, 84, 1–12. doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2006.04.003
29. Tobiszewski, M. ve Namieśnik, J. (2012) PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources, Environmental Pollution, 162, 110–119. doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.025
30. Tsapakis, M. ve Stephanou, E.G. (2005) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of the Eastern Mediterranean, Environmental Science & Technology, 39, 6584–6590. doi.org/10.1021/es050532l
31. Vardar, N., Esen, F. ve Tasdemir, Y. (2008) Seasonal concentrations and partitioning of PAHs in a suburban site of Bursa, Turkey, Environmental Pollution, 155, 298–307. doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.11.026
32. Wang, W., Simonich, S., Giri, B., Chang, Y., Zhang, Y., Jia, Y., Tao, S., Wang, R., Wang, B., Li, W., Cao, J. ve Lu, X. (2011) Atmospheric concentrations and air-soil gas exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in remote, rural village and urban areas of Beijing-Tianjin region, North China, Science of the Total Environment, 409, 2942–2950. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.021
33. Wu, Y., Salamova, A. ve Venier, M. (2021) Using diagnostic ratios to characterize sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Great Lakes atmosphere, Science of the Total Environment, 761, 143240. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143240
34. Yurdakul, S., Çelik, I., Çelen, M., Öztürk, F. ve Cetin, B. (2019) Levels, temporal/spatial variations and sources of PAHs and PCBs in soil of a highly industrialized area, Atmospheric Pollution Research, 10, 1227–1238. doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2019.02.006
35. Zhan, L., Huang, H., Zhao, S., Wang, Z., Zhang, G. ve Cheng, H. (2022) Comparison of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) over six years at a CAWNET background site in central China: Changes of seasonal variations and potential sources, Chemosphere, 299, 134298. doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134298
36. Zhang, X.L., Tao, S., Liu, W.X., Yang, Y., Zuo, Q. ve Liu, S.Z. (2005) Source Diagnostics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Based on Species Ratios: A Multimedia Approach, Environmental Science & Technology, 39, 9109–9114. doi.org/10.1021/es0513741