UZMANLIK VE BİLİŞSEL ESNEKLİK

Uzmanlık çalışmaları, bir alanda üstün performans gösteren kişilerin performanslarına odaklanmaktadır. Bir alanda uzmanlaşmış kişilerin alana özgü görevleri gerçekleştirirken sıklıkla kullandıkları yöntemler, bazı becerilerin kazanımı açısından üstünlük sağlasa da bazen pek yararlı olmayan sonuçlar doğurabilir. Bu durumdan etkilenen becerilerden biri de bilişsel esnekliktir. Bilişsel esneklik, davranışı yeni ve değişen çevreye göre adapte etme becerisidir. Bir kişi kendi alanında ne kadar uzmanlaşırsa, alana özgü görevlerde o kadar bilişsel esneklik gösterebilir. Ayrıca uzmanların uzmanlık düzeyi, sıklıkla kullanılan yöntemin yarattığı bozucu etki olarak tanımlanan Einstellung etkisinin görülmemesinde de önemli rol oynamaktadır. Mevcut derlemenin amacı, uzmanlık alanındaki çalışmalarda bilişsel esnekliğin etkisini incelemektir. Literatürdeki çalışmalar incelendiğinde, farklı uzmanlıklarda yapılmış çalışmalarda, uzmanlık düzeylerinin değişkenlik gösterdiği; bu nedenle bu çalışmaların sonuçlarından yola çıkarak uzmanların bilişsel esneklik düzeyleri hakkında kesin sonuca varılamayacağı anlaşılmaktadır. Buna karşın, henüz uzmanlaşma sürecinde olan kişilerde bilişsel esnekliğin daha düşük; uzmanlaşma düzeyi yüksek olanlarda bilişsel esnekliğin daha yüksek olduğunu öne süren araştırmalar da bulunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

uzmanlık, uzman performansı, alana özgülük, bilişsel esneklik, Einstellung etkisi

Expertise and Cognitive Flexibility

Expertise studies focus on people with superior performance in a domain. Although the methods that experts in a domain frequently use while performing domain-specific tasks provide superiority in acquiring some skills, they can sometimes produce ineffective results. One of the skills affected by this condition is cognitive flexibility. Cognitive flexibility is an ability to adapt behavior to new changing environment. The more a person specializes in their field, the more cognitive flexibility they can display in domain-specific tasks. In addition, expertise level plays an essential role in preventing the Einstellung effect, defined as the disruptive effect created by frequently used methods. The aim of review is to examine the effect of cognitive flexibility in expertise studies. When the studies in the literature are examined, it is seen that the expertise level varies in these studies conducted in different expertise fields. Therefore, based on these studies, it is understood that it is not possible to reach a definite conclusion about the cognitive flexibility levels of the experts. On the other hand, studies indicate that people still in the process of expertise have lower cognitive flexibility; also, cognitive flexibility is higher in individuals with higher levels of expertise.

Keywords:

expertise, expert performance, domain-specific, cognitive flexibility, Einstellung effect,

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