Arıların Yayılma Ekolojisi ve Bitkisel Üretimdeki Rolü

 Bal arısı (Apis mellifera L.)’nın yayılma ekolojisi konusunda önemli sayıda çalışmalar yapılmış ve çiçek tercihini nasıl yaptığını tahmin edebilen yayılma modelleri geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Uygun bir modelin geliştirilmesi durumunda; bu bilgilerin bitkisel üretimde özel tozlaşma protokollerinin oluşturulmasında çok önemli olacağı düşünülmektedir. Bal arısının çiçek bağımlılığı, bitkisel üretimde tozlaşma vektörü olarak kullanıldığında, melez tohum elde edilmesinin neden güç olduğunu açıklamaktadır. Bal arısının karşılaştırmalı ekoloji çalışmaları farklı bölgelere adapte olmuş bal arısı ırklarında çiçek bağımlılığı konusunda değişik seviyede farklılıklar olduğunu göstermektedir. Diğer arılardan, iğnesiz arılar, Hint arısı, bambul arıları ve bireysel arıların tozlaşmada kullanılmaları bal arısı kadar kolay ve ekonomik değildir. Bu yüzden bal arısı birinci derecede, diğer arılar ikinci derecede tozlayıcılar olarak kabul edilirler. Sonuç olarak, çiçek bağımlılığı bal arısı tozlaşma vektörü olarak kullanıldığında bitkisel üretimin ve kalitenin artırılmasını, bunun tersi durumunda melez tohum elde edilmesinde kullanılma olanakları sağlayacaktır. Farklı ekolojik bölgelere adapte olmuş bal arısı ırklarının çiçekler üzerinde farklı yayılma taktiklerine sahip olmaları, bu arıların bitkisel üretimde özel amaçlar için kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Arılar, bal arıları, yayılma, tozlaşma, bitkisel üretim,

Foraging Ecology of Bees and Their Role in Crop Production

There are a number of studies on honeybee foraging, and mathematical models have been developed how honey bees make their flower choices. If a model that can predict honeybee flower preferences is developed will be crucial to develop specific pollination protocols in crop production. Flower constancy of honeybees explains why hybrid seed production is so difficult when honeybee is used as pollination vector. Other bees; stingless bees, Indian bees, bumble bees and solitary bees are not easy to use in pollination and economical. Therefore, honeybee is considered as primary and other bees secondary pollinators. Comparative ecology studies suggest that honeybee races that adapted to different ecological areas differ in their flower constancy in some level. In conclusion, flower constancy of honeybee is beneficial when honeybee is used as pollination vector in crop production. Otherwise, reduction in flower constancy can be used in hybrid seed production. The presence of honey bee races that adapted to different ecological areas and differ in their foraging tactics suggest that they can be used for specific purposes in crop production.

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