Avrupalı Fas ve Avrupalı Türkiye: Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu Yolunda İki Kimlik Oluşumu Durumu

Bu çalışma Fas’ın ve Türkiye’nin 1987 yılında Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu (AET)’na tam üyelik başvuru süreçlerini kimlik perspektifinden incelemektedir. Fas’ın ve Türkiye’nin AET’na tam üye olabilmek için göstermeleri gereken Avrupalılık kimliği, bu bağlamda, postyapısalcı yaklaşımın içinde barındırdığı postkolonyalizm ve modernizm teorileri temelinde, o dönemki iki ülke liderlerinin söylemleri temelinde incelenmiştir. Bu noktada Fas’ın Avrupalılığı Fransız sömürgeciliği temelinde boy gösterirken Türkiye’nin Avrupalılığı ise modernleşme çerçevesinde şekillenmiştir. Çalışmanın literatür için önemi ise bu iki ülkenin Avrupa’yı bu süreçlerde farklı nedenlerle “diğer” olarak görmesine rağmen AET başvuru sürecinde milli kimliklerine Avrupalılığı eklemeye çalıştıklarını göstermelerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda ülkesindeki Avrupa simgesi Fransız sömürgeciliğine karşı direnen Fas ve Cumhuriyetin 1923 yılında ilanından önce milli bütünlüğü Müttefik Devletler tarafından tehdit altına alınan Türkiye kendilerini AET’na üye yapmak adına Avrupalı olduklarını iddia etmişlerdir ve bunu göstermeye çalışmışlardır. Makale bu bağlamda Türkiye ve Fas tarafından bir zamanlar “diğer” olarak kabul edilen Avrupa’nın AET’na tam üye olma yolunda Fas’ın ve Türkiye’nin ulusal kimliklerine dönemin liderleri tarafından nasıl eklenmeye çalışıldığını ortaya koymaktadır.

European Morocco and European Turkey: Two Identity Construction Cases on the Path to the EEC

This article analyzes Morocco’s and Turkey’s full membership applicationprocesses to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1987 from an identityperspective. The construction of both Morocco’s and Turkey’s European-ness areexplored alongside aspects of postcolonial and modernization theories rooted inthe poststructuralist approach by taking official discourses of the political leaders inthe two states at the time of application into account. In the conventional narrativesof the establishment of their modern states, Morocco perceived Europe as its otherdue to the history of European colonialism, whereas Turkey perceived Europe asits other considering it a threat to its national unity prior to the establishment of theRepublic in 1923. In spite of this, two states tried to add European-ness into theirnational identities through their application to the EEC in 1987. In this way, Moroccoand Turkey aimed at demonstrating not why European but how much Europeanthey were. In Morocco’s case, an obligation for demonstrating one’s Europeannessis explained through the lens of postcolonial theory, and in Turkey’s case, themodernization paradigm is applied. Departing from these theoretical standpoints,the study focuses on official European-ness discourses by Moroccan and Turkishleaders, which had taken place as dynamic processes. In this respect, the articleunravels how Europe and European-ness that was once regarded as the other byTurkey and Morocco were tried to be included into Moroccan and Turkish nationalidentities on the path to become a full member to the EEC.

PDF

___

Aghrout Ahmed and Keith Sutton. “Source in Regional Economic Union in the Maghreb.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 28, no.1 (1990): 115-39.
Aktürk, Şener. “National Identity in Turkey and the European Union.” European Journal of Sociology 48, no.2 (2007): 347–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975607000409.
Arıkan, Zeynep. “Imagining ‘Europe’: Constituting Turkey’s Identity on the Path to EU Membership.” Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 107, no. 2 (2016): 134–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12180.
Aydın, Mustafa. “Determinants of Turkish foreign policy: changing patterns and conjunctures during the Cold War.” Middle Eastern Studies 36, no.1 (2006): 103–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263200008701300.
Bhabha, Homi. The Location of Culture. New York: Routledge Classics, 1991.
Bilgin, Pınar. “The ‘Peculiarity’ of Turkey’s Position on EU-NATO Military/Security Cooperation: A Rejoinder to Missiroli.” Security Dialogue 34, no.3 (2003): 345–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/09670106030343010.
Bozdağlıoğlu, Yücel. Turkish Foreign Policy and Turkish Identity: A Constructivist Approach. New York and London: Routledge, 2003.
Campbell, David. Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.
Çınar, Menderes. “Turkey’s ‘Western’ or ‘Muslim’ identity and the AKP’s civilizational discourse.” Turkish Studies 19, no. 2 (2018): 176–97.
Delanty, Gerard. “Is There a European Identity?.” Global Dialogue 5, no.3/4 (2003): 76–86.
Derrida, Jacques. Positions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. Stuart, Hall. Who Needs Identity? Questions of Cultural Identity. London: Sage Publications, 2003.
Diez, Thomas. “Constructing the Self and Changing Others: Reconsidering “Normative Power Europe.” Millennium - Journal of International Studies 33, no.3 (2005): 613–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298050330031701.
Dirks, Nicholas. Colonialism and Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992.
Doty, Roxanne L. Imperial Encounters. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.
Eder, Klaus. “Europe’s borders the narrative construction of the boundaries of Europe.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 41, no. 3 (2006): 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431006063345.
El Ahmadi, Mansour. La monarchie et l’Islam. Najah el Jadid: Ittisalat el Salon, 2006.
Emerson, Rupert. Sömürgelerin Uluslaşması. İstanbul: Türkiye Siyasi İlimler Derneği, 1959.
Epstein, Charlotte. “Who speaks? Discourse, the subject and the study of identity in international politics.” European Journal of International Relations 17, no. 2 (2011): 327–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066109350055.
Gilroy, Paul. The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Guibernau, Montserrat. Nationalisms: The nation-state and nationalism in the 20th century. London & New York: Polity Press, 1996.
Harbeson James and David Rotchild. Africa in the world politics. London & New York: Westview Press, 2013.
Kadıoğlu, Ayşe. “The Paradox of Turkish Nationalism and the Construction of Official Identity.” Middle Eastern Studies 32, no. 2 (1996): 177-93 reprinted in Turkey: Identity, Democracy, Politics (London: Portland or Frank Cass, 1998): 188. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4283799.
Kasaba, Reşat. “Kemalist Certainties and Modern Ambiguities” in Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997.
Laclau Ernesto and Chantal Mouffe. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. London and New York: Verso, 2001.
Laurent, Eric. Le génie de la Modération: Réflexions sur les vérités de l’Islam. Paris: Editions Plon, 1993.
Lewis, Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. London, Oxford University Press, 1968.
Martin, Guy. African Political Thought. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
Mardin, Şerif. European Culture and the Development of Modern Turkey. Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 1990.
Milliken, Jennifer. “The Study of Discourse in International Relations: A Critique of Research and Methods.” European Journal of International Relations 5, no. 2 (1999): 225–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066199005002003.
Müftüler-Baç, Meltem. Turkey’s Relations with a Changing Europe. New York: Manchester University Press, 1997.
Neumann, Iver B. European Identity Formation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.
Norton, Anne. Reflections on Political Identity. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.
Pennell, Richard. Morocco since 1830: A History. London: Hurst & Company, 2000.
Robins, Kevin. “Interrupting Identities: Turkey/Europe in: Questions of Cultural Identity. London: Sage Publications, 1996.
Rosamond, Ben. “Discourses of globalization and the social construction of European identities.” Journal of European Public Policy 6, no. 1 (1999): 652–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/135017699343522.
Rumelili, Bahar. “Constructing identity and relating to difference: Understanding the EU’s mode of differentiation.” Review of International Studies 30 (2004): 27-47. https://10.1017/S0260210504005819.
Said, Edward. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage Books, 1994. Smith, Anthony. National Identity. Nevada: University of Nevada Press, 1991.
Tessler, Marc. Morocco: Institutional Pluralism and Monarchical Dominance. New York and London: Longman, 1982.
Yılmaz, Eylem and Pınar Bilgin. “Constructing Turkey’s “western” identity during the Cold War: Discourses of the intellectuals of statecraft.” International Journal 61, no. 1 (2006): 39-59. https://doi.org/10.2307/40204128.