Lale KARATAŞ, Aydın ALPTEKİN

5134

Kagir Yapılardaki Taş Malzeme Bozulmalarının Lidar Tarama Yöntemi ile Belgelenmesi: Geleneksel Silvan Konağı Vaka Çalışması

Diyarbakır’ın Silvan İlçesi, geleneksel kent kültürünün soyut ve somut unsurlarını barındıran bir yerleşimdir. 1990 yılında Silvan surları koruma alanı oluşturulmasına rağmen, Silvan koruma amaçlı imar planı hala yapılmamıştır. Sur içinin sit alanı ilan edilmemesi ve tescil işlemlerinin çok geç başlaması; birçok evin yıkılmasına, niteliksiz eklerin yapılmasına hatta betonarme yapılaşmaya neden olmuş ve insan etkileri ile oluşan bilinçsiz müdahale geleneksel yapıların yıpranmasını hızlandırmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı yersel lazer taramadan çeşitli tekniklerle elde edilen verileri yerinde incelemeden elde edilen verilerle birleştirerek geleneksel Silvan evlerinin özelliklerini yansıtan Silvan Konağı’na dair malzeme bozulmalarını tespit etmek ve belgelemektir. Yapının korunması geleneksel Silvan evleri kültürel mirasının devamlılığı noktasında önemlidir. Çalışmada gözlemsel tespit, fotoğrafla belgeleme ve yersel lazer tarama yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda konutta hatalı onarım ve bakımsızlık kaynaklı bozulmaların en sık rastlanan sorunlar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle cephelerde malzeme kayıplarını onarım amaçlı yapılan bilinçsizce işlemler olan çimento esaslı harç ile müdahale yapının görsel algısını bozduğu gibi taş malzemeye de zarar verdiği görülmektedir. Çalışma sonuçları, yersel lazer tarayıcının hiçbir temas söz konusu olmaksızın malzemelerin ve nem, tuz, yosun ve liken gibi biyolojik değişiklikler malzemeleri etkileyen farklı hasar türlerinin dokümantasyonu alanında büyük faydalar gösterdiği, bu yöntemle tespitinde yüksek doğruluk ve hız kazanıldığı olgularına destek vermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler:

Yersel Lazer Tarama, Kültürel Miras, Taş Malzeme, Malzeme Sorunları, Ortofoto

Documentation of Stone Material Deterioration in Masonry Buildings by Terrestrial Laser Scanning Method: A Case Study of Traditional Silvan Mansion

The Silvan District of Diyarbakır, which is the subject of the study, is a settlement that contains the intangible and tangible elements of traditional urban culture. Despite the creation of the Silvan walls protection area in 1990, the conservation plan for Silvan has not been prepared yet. The fact that the inside of the city wall is not declared a protected area and the registration procedures start too late; It has caused the demolition of many houses, the construction of unqualified additions and even reinforced concrete construction, and the unconscious intervention caused by human effects has accelerated the wear of traditional structures. The aim of this study is to identify and document the material deterioration of the Silvan Mansion, which reflects the characteristics of traditional Silvan houses, by combining the data obtained by various techniques from terrestrial laser scanning with the data obtained from on-site inspection. The preservation of the building is important for the continuity of the cultural heritage of traditional Silvan houses. Observational detection, photographic documentation and terrestrial laser scanning methods were used in the study. As a result of the study, it has been determined that the most common problems are the failures caused by faulty repairs and lack of maintenance. It is seen that the intervention with cement-based mortar, which is the unconscious process of repairing material losses, especially on the facades, disrupts the visual perception of the building and also damages the stone material. The results of the study support the fact that terrestrial laser scanner shows great benefits in the field of different damage expenditures where there are materials that do not contain any contact content and biological changes materials such as moisture, salt, algae and so on, and that high accuracy and speed have been gained in the detection of these experiences.
Keywords:

Remote sensing, UAV, Photogrammetry, DEM, Camera Calibration,

PDF

___

  • Alptekin, A. & Yakar, M. (2020a). Kaya Bloklarının 3B Nokta Bulutunun Yersel Lazer Tarayıcı Kullanarak Elde Edilmesi. Türkiye Lidar Dergisi, 2 (1), 1-4.
  • Alptekin, A. & Yakar, M. (2020b). Mersin Akyar Falezi’nin 3B modeli. Türkiye Lidar Dergisi, 2 (1), 5-9.
  • Alptekin, A. & Yakar, M. (2021). 3D model of Üçayak Ruins obtained from point clouds. Mersin Photogrammetry Journal, 3(2), 37-40. DOI: 10.53093/mephoj.939079
  • Alptekin, A., Çelik, M. Ö. & Yakar, M. (2019). 3D modelling of mausoleum by using ground laser scanner. Türkiye Lidar Dergisi, 1 (1) ,1-4.
  • Alptekin, A., Çelik, M.Ö., Doğan, Y. & Yakar, M. (2022). Illustrating of a Landslide Site with Photogrammetric and LIDAR Methods. In: El-Askary, H., Erguler, Z.A., Karakus, M., Chaminé, H.I. (eds) Research Developments in Geotechnics, Geo-Informatics and Remote Sensing. CAJG 2019. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. Springer, Cham.
  • Altuntas, C., Yildiz, F., Karabork, H., Yakar, M, & Karasaka, L. (2007, October). Surveying and documentation of detailed historical heritage by laser scanning. In XXI International CIPA Symposium, 1(6).
  • Alves, C., Figueiredo, C. A. M., Sanjurjo-Sánchez, J. & Hernández, A. C. (2021). Effects of water on natural stone in the built environment—A Review. Geosciences, 11, 459. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ geosciences11110459.
  • Aly, N., Hamed, A., & El-Al, A. A. (2020). The ımpact of hydric swelling on the mechanical behavior of Egyptian helwan limestone. Period. Polytech. Civ. Eng.
  • Ambrosini, D., De Rubeis, T., Nardi, I. & Paoletti, D. (2019). The Potential of optical profilometry in the study of cultural stone weathering. Journal of Imaging, 5(6), 60. doi:10.3390/jimaging5060060. 
  • Armesto-González, J., Riveiro-Rodríguez, B., González-Aguilera, D., Teresa Rivas-Brea, M. (2010). Terrestrial laser scanning intensity data applied to damage detection for historical buildings, 37(12), 0–3047. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.031. 
  • Arroyo, F. & Villegas-Sánchez, R. (2013). The church of Saint Martin (Trujillo, Spain): Study of the stone degradation. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 14(3), 109–112. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2012.10.024. 
  • Basu, S., Orr, S. A., Aktas, Y. D. (2020). A Geological Perspective on Climate Change and Building Stone Deterioration in London: Implications for Urban Stone-Built Heritage Research and Management. Atmosphere, 11, 788.
  • Beck, K. & Almukhtar, M. (2014). Cyclic wetting–drying ageing test and patina formation on tuffeau limestone. Environ Earth Sci, 71, 2361–2372.
  • Bitelli, G., Castellazzi, G., D'altri, A. M., De Miranda, S., Lambertini, A. & Selvaggi, I. (2016). Automated voxel model from point clouds for structural analysis of cultural heritage. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences- ISPRS Archives, 41, 191-197.
  • Bonazza, A., Vidorni, G., Natali, I., Ciantelli, C., Giosuè, C. & Tittarelli, F. (2017). Durability assessment to environmental impact of nano-structured consolidants on Carrara marble by field exposure tests. Sci. Total. Environ, 575, 23–32.
  • Breccolotti, M., Severini, L., Cavalagli, N., Bonfigli, F. M., Gusella, V. (2018). Rapid evaluation of in-plane seismic capacity of masonry arch bridges through limit analysis. Earthquake and Structures, 15(5), 541-553.
  • Bustamante, R., Vázquez, P., Rodríguez-Monteverde, P. & Monjo, J. (2020). Adapted ageing tests for the evaluation of alabaster used in the restoration of Bishop’s Palace of Tarazona. Mater. De Construcción, 70(), 219.
  • Comite, V., Álvarez de, B. M., Barca, D., Belfiore, C. M., Bonazza, A., La Russa, M. F., Pezzino, A., Randazzo, L. & Ruffolo, S. A. (2017). Damage monitoring on carbonate stones: Field exposure tests contributing to pollution impact evaluation in two Italian sites. Construction and Building Materials, 15, 907–922. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.048 
  • Comite, V., Ricca, M., Ruffolo, S. A., Graziano, S. F., Rovella, N., Rispoli, C., Gallo, C., Randazzo, L., Barca, D., Cappelletti, P. & La Russa, M. F. (2020). Multidisciplinary Approach for Evaluating the Geochemical Degradation of Building Stone Related to Pollution Sources in the Historical Center of Naples (Italy). Applied Sciences, 10(12), 4241. doi:10.3390/app10124241 
  • Corvo, F., Reyes, J., Valdes, C., Villaseñor, F., Cuesta, O., Aguilar, D. & Quintana, P. (2010). Influence of air pollution and humidity on limestone materials degradation in historical buildings located in cities under tropical coastal climates. Water, air, and soil pollution, 205(1), 359-375.
  • Cundari, C. (2012). II Rilievo Architettonico. Ragioni Fondamenti. Applicazioni. Roma: Kappa.
  • Dˇ oubal, J. (2017). The restoration of the Stone Fountain in Kutná Hora: An assessment of the contemporary intervention within the context of repairs throughout history. Stud. Conserv, 62, 371–383.
  • Dağtekin, E., Payaslı O. G. & Yıldırım, M. (2017). Geleneksel Silvan evlerinin mimari analizi architectural analysis of traditional silvan houses. 5. 96/118.
  • De Azcona, M. C. L., Gonzalez, R. F. & Martín, F. M. (2002). La conservación de los materiales pétreos en la Fuente de Cibeles, Madrid (España). Mater. De Construcción, 52, 65–75.
  • Docci, M. & Maestri, D. (2012). Manuale di rilevamento architettonico e urbano. Bari: Laterza.
  • Doğan, Y. & Yakar, M. (2018). GIS and three-dimensional modeling for cultural heritages. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 3(2), 50-55. DOI: 10.26833/ijeg.378257
  • Duffv, A. P., Cooner, T. P. & Perrv, S. H. (1993) Reoointina. L / mortars for conservation of a historic stone building in Trinity College Dublin. Mat. Struct. 26(), 302-306.
  • Dursun, F. & Topal, T. (2019). Durability assessment of the basalts used in the Diyarbakır CityWalls, Turkey. Environ. Earth Sci, 78, 1–24.
  • Ergule,r Z. & Shakoor, A. (2009). Relative contribution of various climatic processes in disintegration of clay-bearing rocks. Eng. Geol., 108, 36–42.
  • Falchi, L., Orio, E., Balliana, E., Izzo, F. C. & Zendri, E. (2019). Investigation on the relationship between the environment and istria stone surfaces in Venice. Atmospheric Environment, 210, 76–85. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.04.044 
  • Fort-González, R., López, H. C. & Mingarro, F. (2002). Assessment of protective treatments based on their chromatic evolution: limestone and granite in the Royal Palace of Madrid, Protection and Conservation of the Cultural Heritage of the Mediterranean Cities. Balkema, Lisse, 347e442.
  • Galassi, S., Ruggieri, N. & Tempesta, G. (2020). A. Novel, Numerical Tool for Seismic Vulnerability Analysis of Ruins in Archaeological Sites. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 14(1), 1-22.
  • Genovese, R. A. (2005). Architectural, archaeological and environmental restoration planning methodology: historic researches and techniques of survey aiming to conservation. In: Proceedings of CIPA XX International Symposium, Torino, Italy.
  • Germinario, L., Oguchi, C. T., Tamura, Y., Ahn, S., Ogawa, M. & Taya, C. (2020). A Buddhist marvel hidden in underground Japan: Stone properties, deterioration, and environmental setting. Herit. Sci, 8, 1–20.
  • Gibeaux, S., Vázquez, P., De Kock, T., Cnudde, V. & Thomachot-Schneider, C. (2018). Weathering assessment under X-ray tomography of building stones exposed to acid atmospheres at current pollution rate. Construction and Building Materials, 168, 187–198. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.120.
  • Giuseppina, V., Deidda, M., Dessi, A. & Marras, M. (2012). Laser Scanner Survey To Cultural Herıtage Conservatıon And Restoratıon. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 589-594. 10.5194/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B5-589-2012.
  • Graue, B., Siegesmund, S., Oyhantcabal, P., Naumann, R., Licha, T. & Simon, K. (2013). The effect of air pollution on stone decay: the decay of the Drachenfels trachyte in industrial, urban, and rural environments—a case study of the Cologne, Altenberg and Xanten cathedrals. Environmental Earth Sciences, 69(4), 1095–1124. doi:10.1007/s12665-012-2161-6. 
  • Gulotta D, Villa F, Cappitelli F & Toniolo L (2018). Biofilm colonization of metamorphic lithotypes of a renaissance cathedral exposed to urban atmosphere. Sci. Total. Environ, 639, 1480–1490.
  • Güleç, Korumaz., A., Dülgerler, O. N. & Yakar, M. (2011). Kültürel Mirasın Belgelenmesinde Dijital Yaklaşımlar. Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik, Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 26(3), 67-83.
  • Herrera, L. K., Borgne, S. & Videla, H. (2009). Modern methods for materials characterization and surface analysis to study the effects of biodeterioration and weathering on buildings of cultural heritage. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 3, 74e91.
  • Iucolano, F., Colella, A., Liguori, B. & Calcaterra, D. (2019). Suitability of silica nanoparticles for tuff consolidation. Constr. Build. Mater.202(), 73–81.
  • Ivaskova, M., Kotes, P. & Brodnan, M. (2015). Air Pollution as an Important Factor in Construction Materials Deterioration in Slovak Republic. Procedia Engineering, 108, 131–138. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.06.128 
  • Karatas, L. (2022a). Integration of 2D mapping, photogrammetry and virtual reality in documentation of material deterioration of stone buildings: Case of Mardin Şeyh Çabuk Mosque. Advanced Engineering Science, 2, 135-146
  • Karatas, L. (2022b). Investigating the historical building materials with spectroscopic and geophysical methods: A case study of Mardin Castle. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 7(3), 266-278
  • Karataş, L. (2016). Mardin Kentsel Sit Alanındaki İbadet Yapılarında Malzeme Kullanımı ve Sorunları Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Master’s Thesis, Uludağ University, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bursa, 340p (in Turkish).
  • Karataş, L. (2022c). Investigating the historical building materials with spectroscopic and geophysical methods: A case study of Mardin Castle. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 7 (3), 266-278. DOI: 10.31127/tuje.1145711.
  • Karataş, L., Alptekin, A. & Yakar, M. (2022a). Analytical Documentation of Stone Material Deteriorations on Facades with Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Photogrammetric Methods: Case Study of Şanlıurfa Kışla Mosque. Advanced LiDAR, 2(2), 36–47.
  • Karataş, L., Alptekin, A. & Yakar, M. (2022b). Creating Architectural Surveys of Traditional Buildings with the Help of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Method (TLS) and Orthophotos: Historical Diyarbakır Sur Mansion. Advanced LiDAR, 2(2), 54–63.
  • Karataş, L., Alptekin, A. & Yakar, M. (2022c). Determination of Stone Material Deteriorations on the Facades with the Combination of Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Photogrammetric Methods: Case Study of Historical Burdur Station Premises. Advanced Geomatics, 2(2), 65-72.
  • Karataş, L., Alptekin, A., & Yakar, M. (2022d). Creating Architectural Surveys of Traditional Buildings with the Help of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Method (TLS) and Orthophotos: Historical Diyarbakır Sur Mansion. Advanced LiDAR, 2(2), 54–63.
  • Karataş, L., Alptekin, A., & Yakar, M. (2022e). Detection and documentation of stone material deterioration in historical masonry structures using UAV photogrammetry: A case study of Mersin Aba Mausoleum. Advanced UAV, 2(2), 51–64. 
  • Karataş, L., Alptekin, A., & Yakar, M. (2022f). Detection of materials and material deterioration in historical buildings by spectroscopic and petrographic methods: The example of Mardin Tamir Evi. Engineering Applications, 1(2), 170-187
  • Karataş, L., Alptekin, A., & Yakar, M. (2022g). Investigation of Molla Hari (Halil) Süleyman Paşa Mosque’s material deteriorations. 4th Advanced Engineering Days, 55-57.
  • Karataş, L., Alptekin, A., Kanun, E. & Yakar, M. (2022e). Tarihi kârgir yapılarda taş malzeme bozulmalarının İHA fotogrametrisi kullanarak tespiti ve belgelenmesi: Mersin Kanlıdivane ören yeri vaka çalışması. İçel Dergisi, 2 (2), 41-49
  • Karataş, L., Alptekin, A., Karabacak, A. & Yakar, M. (2022h). Detection and documentation of stone material deterioration in historical masonry buildings using UAV photogrammetry: A case study of Mersin Sarisih Inn. Mersin Photogrammetry Journal, 4 (2), 53-61. DOI: 10.53093/mephoj.1198605
  • Karkaş, Z. S. & Acun, Ö. S. (2021). Tarihi Yapılarda Kagir Yapı Malzemelerinin Koruma Uygulamalarında Kullanılabilecek Bir Yöntem Önerisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi , 25 (3) , 564-577 .
  • Lerma, J. L. & Herráez, J. (1999). Reconocimiento y Cartografiado Automático de Monumentos Arquitectónicos. In: Proceedings of the XI International Congreso of Graphical Engineering, Logroño-Pamplona, Spain, 732e740.
  • Oruç, M. E. & Baş G. (2021). Kompleks Yapı ve Alanlarda Yersel Lazer Tarama Teknolojisinin Kullanımı. Türkiye Lidar Dergisi, 3(2), 39-47.
  • Oruç, M. E. & Öztürk, İ. L. (2021). Usability of Terrestrial Laser Technique in Forest Management Planning. Türkiye Lidar Dergisi, 3(1), 17-24.
  • Palazzi, N. C., Rovero, L., De La Llera, J. C. & Sandoval, C. (2019). Preliminary Assessment on Seismic Vulnerability of Masonry Churches in Central Chile. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. DOI: 10.1080/15583058.2019.1570388.
  • Patil, S. M., Kasthurba, A. K., & Patil, M. V. (2021). Characterization and assessment of stone deterioration on Heritage Buildings. Case Studies in ConstructionMaterials,15.
  • Perry, S. H. & Duffy, A. P. (1997). The Short-Term Effects Of Mortar Joınts On Salt Movement In Stone. Atmospheric Environment, 31 (9), 1297-1305.
  • Riveiro, B., Morer, P., Arias, P., De Arteaga, I. (2011)Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Limit Analysis of Masonry Arch Bridges, Construction and Building Materials, 25 (4): 1726-1735.
  • Rovella, N., Aly, N., Comite, V., Randazzo, L., Fermo, P., Barca, D., Alvarez de, B., Monica L. R. & Mauro, F. (2020). The environmental impact of air pollution on the built heritage of historic Cairo (Egypt). Science of The Total Environment, 142905–.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142905.
  • Shen, Y., Wang, J., Wei, S., Zheng, D. & Ferreira, V. G. (2019). Accurate extraction of brick shapes in masonry walls from dense terrestrial laser scanning point cloud. Measurement,, S0263224119305305.  doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2019.05.086
  • Tsilimantou, E., Delegou, E. T., Nikitakos, I. A., Ioannidis, C. & Moropoulou, A. (2020). GIS and BIM as Integrated Digital Environments for Modeling and Monitoring of Historic Buildings. Appl. Sci, 10, 1078-. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10031078
  • Ulvi, A., Yakar, M., Toprak, A. S. & Mutluoglu, O. (2015). Laser Scanning and Photogrammetric Evaluation of Uzuncaburç Monumental Entrance. International Journal of Applied Mathematics Electronics and Computers, 3(1), 32-36. DOI: 10.18100/ijamec.41690
  • Vidal, F., Vicente, R. & Mendes, S. J. (2018). Review of environmental and air pollution impacts on built heritage: 10 questions on corrosion and soiling effects for urban intervention. Journal of Cultural Heritage, S1296207418303480–. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2018.11.006.
  • Vidorni, G., Sardella, A., De Nuntiis, P., Volpi, F., Dinoi, A., Contini, D., Comite, V., Vaccaro, C., Fermo, P. & Bonazza, A. (2019). Air pollution impact on carbonate building stones in Italian urban sites. The European Physical Journal Plus, 134(9), 439–. doi:10.1140/epjp/i2019-12943-0 
  • Webb, A. H., Bawden, R. J., Busby, A. K. & Hopkins, J. (1992). Studies on the effects of air pollution on limestone degradation in Great Britain.  Atmospheric Environment, Urban Atmosphere, 26, 165-181.
  • Weritz, F., Kruschwitz, S., Maierhifer, C. & Wendrich, A. (2009). Assessment of moisture and salt contents in brick masonry with microwave transmission, spectralinduced polarization and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 3, 126e144.
  • Winkler, E. M. (1997). Stone in Architecture. Properties, Durability; 3rd Completely rev. and extended Edition. Springer: New York, NY, USA, p. 313.
  • Yakar, M. & Alptekin, A. (2021). 3D model of Üçayak Ruins obtained from point clouds. Mersin Photogrammetry Journal. doi: 10.53093/mephoj.939079.
  • Yakar, M. (2011). Using close range photogrammetry to measure the position of inaccessible geological features. Experimental Techniques, 35(1), 54-59.
  • Yakar, M., & Doğan, Y. (2017). Silifke Aşağı Dünya Obruğunun İHA Kullanılarak Üç Boyutlu Modellenmesi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(4), 94-101.
  • Yakar, M., Yıldız, F., & Yılmaz, H. M. (2005). Tarihi ve Kültürel Miraslarin Belgelenmesinde Jeodezi Fotogrametri Mühendislerinin Rolü. TMMOB Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisleri Odası, 10.
  • Yakar, M., Yılmaz, H. M. & Mutluoǧlu, Ö. (2010a). Comparative evaluation of excavation volume by TLS and total topographic station based methods. Lasers in Eng., 19, 331-345.
  • Yakar, M., Yılmaz, H., Yıldız, F., Zeybek, M., Şentürk, H. & Çelik, H. (2010b). Silifke-Mersin Bölgesinde Roma Dönemi Eserlerinin 3 Boyutlu Modelleme Çalışması ve Animasyonu. Jeodezi ve Jeoinformasyon Dergisi, 101.
  • Yılmaz, H. & Yakar, M. (2016a). Lıdar (Light Detection And Ranging) Tarama Sistemi. Yapı Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 2(2), 23-33.
  • Yılmaz, H. & Yakar, M. (2016b). Yersel Lazer Tarama Teknolojisi. Yapı Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 2(2), 43-48.
  • Yilmaz, H. M., Yakar, M., Gulec, S. A. & Dulgerler, O. N. (2007). Importance of digital close-range photogrammetry in documentation of cultural heritage. 8(4), 428–433. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2007.07.004 
  • Yilmaz, H. M., Yakar, M., Yildiz, F., Karabork, H., Kavurmaci, M. M., Mutluoglu, O. & Goktepe, A. (2009). Monitoring of corrosion in fairy chimney by terrestrial laser scanning. Journal of International Environmental Application & Science, 4(1), 86-91.
Türkiye Lidar Dergisi-Cover
  • Başlangıç: 2019
  • Yayıncı: Mersin Üniversitesi
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Yersel Lazer Tarayıcıların Arkeolojik Alanlardaki Kullanımının İncelenmesi

Müjdet GÜNGÖR

Tarsus Aziz Pavlus Kilisesinin Yersel Lazer Tarama Teknikleri ile Üç Boyutlu Modelinin Oluşturularak Sanal Gerçekliğe Hazırlamanın Değerlendirilmesi

Şafak FİDAN, Ali ULVİ

Kagir Yapılardaki Taş Malzeme Bozulmalarının Lidar Tarama Yöntemi ile Belgelenmesi: Geleneksel Silvan Konağı Vaka Çalışması

Lale KARATAŞ, Aydın ALPTEKİN

Giyilebilir Mobil LİDAR Kullanım Alanları ve Cambazlı Kilisesinin 3B Modellemesi

Atilla KARABACAK, Murat YAKAR

Havasal LiDAR Nokta Bulutlarından Kentsel Yol Ağlarının Çıkarımı, Bergama Test Alanı

Mustafa ZEYBEK