Marmara ve Karadeniz Kıyılarındaki Güncel Sedimanlar İçinde Antroposen'in Varlığına Ait Yeni Bulgular

Sanayileşme, fosil yakıtların kullanımı, kontrolsüz tarım ve buna benzer insan faaliyetleri her geçen gün artmakta, bu faaliyetler sonucunda doğada bir takım değişiklikler ve antropojenik kirlikler meydana gelmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, Marmara'da İzmit Körfezi (IZC-01), Karadeniz'de Sürmene (SC-01) ve Hopa (HC-01) kıyılarından alınan karot örnekleri, antropojenik kirliliğin varlığının araştırılması adına, litolojik, sedimantolojik, paleontolojik ve jeokimyasal açıdan incelenmiş, her bir karottan 15 numune olmak üzere toplamda 45 örneğin As, Ba, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Ti ve Zn gibi ağır metal konsantrasyonları değerlendirilmiştir. Karot örneklerindeki As, Ba, Pb, Cr, Ni, ve Zn elementlerinin analiz sonuçları kullanılarak hesaplanan PLI (Kirlilik Yükü İndeksi; Pollution Load Index) kirlilik değerleri, İzmit Körfezi için 3.255, Sürmene ve Hopa'da sırasıyla 2.195 ve 1.706 olarak ölçülmüştür. Hesaplanan PLI değerleri sonuçları, İzmit Körfezi'nin kabul edilir kirlilik seviyesinin üzerinde, Sürmene ve Hopa'nın ise kirli olmalarına rağmen nispeten daha az kirli olduğunu göstermektedir. Bunun yanında EF (Zenginleşme Faktörü; Enrichment Factor) değerleri, İzmit Körfezi'nde As, Ni ve Cr elementlerinin belirgin bir zenginleşme, Pb ve Zn elementlerinin ise orta derecede zenginleştiğine işaret eder. Sürmene ve Hopa lokasyonlarında ise As, Ba ve Cr gibi elementler yetersiz zenginleşme gösterirken, Ni, Pb ve Zn elementlerde belirgin bir zenginleşme olduğu gözlenmiştir. Marmara karotu özelinde kirliğe bağlı gelişmiş jips kristalizasyonu da dikkat çekicidir. Karotlardaki paleontolojik bulguların bolluğu ve çeşitliliği de, kirlilik oranlarıyla uyumlu şekilde azalıp artar. Her 3 karotta da derine gidildikçe Pb, Zn, Cr ve As gibi elementlerin konsatrasyonlarında bir azalma olduğu görülmüş ve bu azalmaların anomali verdiği seviyelerden alınan kavkıların radyokarbon yaşları sırasıyla Sürmene'de 420±55 (GÖ), Hopa'da 500±50 (GÖ) olarak elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca bölgede yapılan diğer sedimantasyon hızına dayanan çalışmaların sonuçları ile bu yaşlar uyumluluk gösterir. Belirlenen bu yaş aralıkları Antroposen'in başlangıcı ile ilgili literatürdeki görüşler ile karşılaştırılmış ve değişimlerin bariz bir şekilde gözlendiği seviyeler, olası Antroposen sınırı olarak yorumlanmıştır.

New Findings of Existence Anthropocene in Recent Sediments at Marmara and Black Sea Coast

With each passing day, industrialization, the use of fossil fuels, uncontrolled agriculture and similar human activities are increasing. As a results of these activities, the nature is impacted by a number of changes and anthropogenic pollution. In this study, drilling core samples from the Izmit Bay (IZC-01) in the Sea of Marmara, Surmene (SC-01) and Hopa (HC-01) coasts in the Black Sea have been investigated with lithological, sedimentological, paleontological and geochemical perspectives. The concentrations of heavy metals as Ba, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Ti and Zn were considered from total of 45 samples which are covering 15 samples from each three cores. PLI (Pollution load index) values are calculated by using the results of As, Ba, Pb, Cr, Ni, and Zn elements, stand out 3.255 for the Gulf of Izmit, 2,195 and 1,706 for Surmene and Hopa in respectively. PLI values indicate accepted level of pollution above for the Gulf of Izmit and despite being dirty Sürmene and Hopa relatively less polluted. In addition, EF values indicate a significant enrichment of the As, Ni and Cr and moderate enrichment of Pb and Zn elements at Izmit Gulf. In locations Hopa and Sürmene; As, Ba and Cr elements showing insufficient enrichment and Ni, Pb and Zn was observed a significant enrichment. Besides, pollution related gypsum crystallization is also remarkable for Maramara core. The abundance and diversity of paleontological records in the cores are also compatible in line with the decreasing and increasing rate of pollution. Towards the deepest part of the all 3 cores, a reduction in the concentrations of elements such as Pb, Zn, Cr and As is seen. Radiocarbon dates obtained from the shells of these reduction levels are mesured in Sürmene 420±55 (BP) and Hopa 500±50 (BP). In addition, results of the other previous studies based on sedimentation rate and these ages are compatible. These specified age ranges were compared with opinions in the literature which are related to the beginning of Anthropocene and because of the overlaping, these clearly observed levels have been interpreted as the limit of the possible Anthropocene time.

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