Muhittin ŞENALP, Sema TETİKER, Murat ŞENTÜRK

204163

Güneydoğu Türkiye’deki Paleozoyik İstiflerinin Sekans Stratigrafisi, Sedimantolojisi ve Hidrokarbon Potansiyeli

Bu çalışmada sekans stratigrafisinin tüm kurallarının eksiksiz bir şekilde uygulanması, farklı jeolojik işlemlerle oluşan aşınma ve transgresyon yüzeylerinin özelliklerinin anlaşılması sonucu Gondwana Kıtası’nın kuzeyini oluşturan Güneydoğu Türkiye’nin stratigrafik istifleri, hidrokarbon yönünden zengin Suudi Arabistan’ın aynı yaş aralığındaki istifleri ile kolayca ilişkilendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmalar sonunda yeni formasyonlar ve üyeler tanımlanmış, tektonik veya buzul kökenli aşınma yüzeyleri yardımıyla bazı formasyonların sınırları değiştirilmiştir. Neoproterozoyik kristalin temel (Telbesmi Formasyonu) ile Erken Ordovisiyen (Konur Formasyonu) arasında uzanan stratigrafik istif Derik İlçesi’nin yakınındaki Zabuk Vadisi boyunca kesintisiz olarak temsil edilmiştir. Orta-Geç Ordovisiyen yaşlı stratigrafik istif Kızıltepe İlçesinin batısındaki Bedinan (Gürmeşe) ile Yurteri köyleri arasında tüm açıklığı ile korunmuştur. Erken Siluriyen (Dadaş Formasyonu) ile Geç Permiyen-Erken Triyas (Gomanibrik Formasyonu) arasında uzanan stratigrafik istif Hazro ilçesinin kuzeybatısında temsil edilmiştir. Yukarıda sayılan bölgelerde çok sayıda stratigrafik ve sedimantolojik kesit ölçülmüş yaş tayinleri için denizel şeyl fasiyeslerinden, rezervuar potansiyellerini ortaya çıkarmak için kumtaşlarından örnekler alınmıştır. Orta Kambriyen yaşlı stromatolitik algli kireçtaşları (Koruk Formasyonu) potansiyel kaynak kaya ve rezervuar kaya olma özelliklerine sahiptir. Erken Ordovisiyen yaşlı Konur Formasyonu’nun deltayik kumtaşları yeni bir hazne kaya potansiyeli oluşturur. Bedinan Formasyonu’nu derince kazan buzul kökenli Yurteri Formasyonunun buzul-fluviyal kumtaşlarından bu bölgede ve Gondwana kıtası üzerindeki tüm ülkelerde önemli miktarlarda petrol ve gaz üretimi yapılmaktadır. Siluriyen yaşlı Dadaş Formasyonu’nun tabanındaki organik maddece zengin şeyller tüm Paleozoyik istifleri için verimli bir kaynak kaya oluşturur. Geç Siluriyen yaşlı Hazro Kumtaşından uzun süredir petrol üretimi yapılmaktadır. Yeni açılacak arama kuyularının lokasyonlarının sağlıklı bir şekilde tespit edilebilmesi için hidrokarbon potansiyeline sahip tüm formasyonların çökelme ortamları göz önünde bulundurularak, onların kaynak ve rezervuar kayaları için fasiyes ve izopak haritalarının hazırlanması ve özellikle, kaynak kayasında oluşan hidrokarbonların potansiyel rezervuar fasiyesine olan göç yollarının belirlenmesi arama ve üretimden sorumlu jeoloğun en önemli görevlerindendir.
Anahtar Kelimeler:

Gondwana buzullaşma dönemleri, Hidrokarbon potansiyeli, Kaynak kaya, Örtü kaya, Paleozoyik istifleri, Rezervuar kaya

Sequence Stratigraphy, Sedimentology and Hydrocarbon Potentials of the Paleozoic Successions in Southeast Turkey

The hydrocarbon potentials of the carbonates and siliciclastic rocks forming the continuous Paleozoic successions in Southeast Turkey are well understood. In this study, every aspect of the sequence stratigraphy was investigated and the erosional unconformity surfaces of different origin and transgressive surfaces were defined. In this way, the Paleozoic successions of Southeast Turkey were correlated with the hydrocarbon-producing Paleozoic successions of Saudi Arabia. Based on fieldwork, new formations and members were defined and formation boundaries were slightly modified. The stratigraphic sequence extending between the Neoproterozoic igneous basement (Telbesmi Formation) and the Early Ordovician (Konur Formation) is best represented along Zabuk Valley (Derik town). Middle-Late Ordovician successions are exposed between Bedinan (Gürmeşe) and Yurteri villages, west of Kızıltepe town. The stratigraphic sequence between the Early Silurian (Dadaş Formation) and Late Permian-Early Triassic (Gomanibrik Formation) is represented northwest of Hazro town. In these areas, many stratigraphic and sedimentologic sections were measured, and shale and sandstone samples were collected for palynological and petrographic examination to evaluate their reservoir quality. The outcrops and subsurface indicated that the thick Middle Cambrian stromatolitic algal limestone (Koruk Formation) has both source rock and reservoir rock potentials. The glaciogenic Yurteri Formation has deeply incised into the Bedinan Formation. The well-sorted and porous glaciofluvial sandstones produce oil and gas in southeast Turkey and other countries located on the Gondwana continent. The organic rich shale deposited at the base of the Silurian Dadaş Formation forms a very productive source rock for the entire Paleozoic successions. Crude oil has been produced from the Late Silurian Hazro sandstone. In order to locate exploration wells in the right place, depositional environment models of all the formations, their lithofacies, isopach maps and hydrocarbon migration pathways were prepared. This is crucial for geological exploration and oil and gas production.
Keywords:

Cap rock, Gondwana glaciation, hydrocarbon potentials, source rock, Paleozoic successions, reservoir rock,

PDF

___

  • Al-Hadidy, A.H. (2007). Paleozoic Stratigraphic Lexicon and Hydrocarbon Habitat of Iraq. GeoArabia, 12(1), 63-130.
  • Al-Hajri, S. A. (1995). Biostratigraphy of the Ordovician Chitinozoa of northwestern Saudi Arabia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 89, 27-48.
  • Al-Husseini, M.I. (1989). Tectonic and depositional model of Late Precambrian–Cambrian Arabian and adjoining plates. AAPG Bulletin 73(9), 1117–1131. https://doi.org/10.1306/44B4A54B-170A-11D7-8645000102C1865D
  • Al-Husseini, M.I. (2000). Origin of the Arabian plate structures: amar collision and Najd rift. GeoArabia 5, 527–542.
  • Al-Husseini, M. (2011). Late Ediacaran to early Cambrian (Infracambrian) Jibalah group of Saudi Arabia. GeoArabia, 16, 69–90.
  • Al-Saleh, A. M., Boyle, A. P. & Mussett, A. E. (1998). 40Ar/30Ar dating of the Halaban ophiolite and associated units: evidence for two-stage orogenesis in the eastern Arabian shield. Journal of the Geological Society 155, 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.155.1.0165
  • Amthor, J. E., Grotzinger, J. P., Schroder, S., Bowring, S. A., Ramezani, J., Martin, M. W. & Matter, A. (2003). Extinction of Cloudina and Nama-calathus at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary in Oman. Geology, 31(5), 431–434. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0431:EOCANA>2.0.CO;2
  • Andrews, I. J. (1991). Palaeozoic lithostratigraphy in the subsurface of Jordan. Subsurface Geology Bulletin, 2: Geology Directorate, NRA, Amman.
  • Aqrawi, A. A. M. (1998a). Paleozoic stratigraphy and petroleum systems of the western and southwestern deserts of Iraq. GeoArabia, 3(2), 229-248.
  • Aqrawi, A. A. M. (1998b). Errata: Paleozoic Stratigraphy and petroleum Systems of the western and southwestern deserts of Iraq. GeoArabia, 3, 417-418.
  • Bakor, A. R., Gass, I. G., Neary, C. R. (1976). Jabal al Wask, northwest Saudi Arabia: an Eocambrian back-arc ophiolite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 30, 1–9.
  • Bentor, Y. K. (1985). The Crustal Evolution of the Arabo-Nubian Massif with Special Reference to the Sinai Peninsula. Precambrian Research, 28, 1-74.
  • Bozdoğan, N., Bayçelebi, O. ve Willink, R. (1987). Güneydoğu Anadolu Hazro Bölgesinde (X. Bölge Kuzeyi) Paleozoyik Stratigrafisi ve Petrol Üretkenliği. Jeoloji Bildirileri. Türkiye 7. Petrol Kongresi, Ankara, 117-130.
  • Blumenthal, M. M. (1947). Seydişehir-Beyşehir hinterlandındaki Toros Dağlarının Jeolojisi (Seri D, no. 2). Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Broutin, J., Roger, J., Platel, J.-P., Angiolini, L., Baud, A., Bucher, H., Marcoux, J. & Al Hashmi, H. (1995). The Permian Pangea. Phytogeographic implications of new paleontological discoveries in Oman (Arabian peninsula). Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences Série II Fascicule a-Sciences De La Terre Et Des Planetes, 321, 1069–1086.
  • Cobb, R. E. (1957). Columnar section Bedinan-Kanisorik-Paleozoic (Arşiv no. 576). TPAO Arama Grubu.
  • Craig, J., Thurow J., Thusu B., Whitham, A. & Abutarruma Y. (2009). Global neoproterozoic petroleum systems and the emerging potential. In J. Craig, J. Thurow, B. Thusu, A. Whkitman, & Abutarruma (Eds.), North Africa (pp. 1–24). Geological Society, London Special Publications, 326.
  • Craig, J., Grico D., Rebora A., Serrafin, G. & Tebaldi A. (2010). Petroleum Geology: From Mature Basins to New Frontiers. In B. A. Vining, S C. Pickering, (Eds), Proceedings of the 7th Petroleum Geology Conference From Neoproterozoic to Early Tertiary: exploring the potential of older and deeper hydrocarbon plays across North Africa and the Middle East. Geological Society, London, 673–705.
  • Dean, W. T. (1967). The correlation and Trilobite fauna of the Bedinan formation (Ordovician) in South-eastern Turkey. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Geology, 15, 81-123
  • Dean, W. T. (1983). Additional Faunal data for the Bedinan Formation (Ordovician) of south-eastern Turkey. Special Paper in Palaeontology 30, 99-105.
  • Dean, W.T. & Monod, O. (1970). The Lower Paleozoic stratigraphy and faunas of the Taurus Mountains near Beyşehir, Turkey, I. Stratigraphy. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Geology, 19, 413-426.
  • Dean, W. T. ve Monod, O. (1990). Revised stratigraphy and relationships , of the Lower Palaeozoic rocks, eastern Taurus Mountains, south central Turkey. Geological Magazine, 127, 333-347.
  • El-Khayal, A. A., Chaloner, W. G. & Hill, C. R. (1980). Paleozoic Plants from Saudi Arabia. Nature, 285, 33-34. https://doi.org/10.1038/285033a0
  • El-Khayal, A. A. & Wagner, R. H. (1985). Upper Permian Stratigraphy and Megafloras of Saudi Arabia: Paleogeographic and Climatic Implications. Compte Rendu X Congress International Stratigraphie Geologie Carbonifere, Madrid, 17-26.
  • Gass, I. G. (1981). Pan African (Upper Proterozoic) plate tectonics of the Arabian-Nubian shield. In A. Kröner (Ed.), Developments in Precambrian Geology, Precambrian Plate Tectonics (pp.387-405). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2635(08)70020-3
  • Ghienne, J. F., Kozlu, H., Dean, W. T., Günay, Y. & Monod, O. (2001). Discovery of the Northernmost Gondwanan evidence of an Upper Ordovician Glacier: Southern Turkey. In: EUG XI, Strasbourg, Abstracts.
  • Ghienne, J. F., Monod, O. & Dean, D. W. (2010). Cambrian-Ordovician sequences in the Middle East: A perspective from Turkey. Earth-Science Reviews, 101(3-4), 101-146.
  • Girard, F., Ghienne, J. F. & Rubino, J. L. (2012).Channelized sandstone bodies (‘cordons’) in the Tassili N'Ajjer (Algeria & Libya): snapshots of a Late Ordovician proglacial outwash plain. In M. Huuse, J. Redfern, D. Le Heron, R.J. Dixon, A. Moscariello & J. Craig (Eds.), Glaciogenic Reservoirs and Hydrocarbon Systems, Special Publications 368 (pp.355-379). Geological Society, London. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP368.3
  • Guitt, F. A., Al-Lawti, M. H. & Nederlof, R. J. R. (1995). Seeking New Potential in the Early-Late Permian Gharif Play, West Central Oman. In M. I. Husseini (Ed.), Middle East Petroleun Geosciences Conference. GEO’94 Gulf Petrolink, Bahrain, 2, 447-462.
  • Hadley, D. G. & Schmidt, D. L. (1980). Sedimentary rocks and basins of the Arabian Shield and Their evolution. In P.G. Cooray, S.A.Tahoun (Eds.), Evolution and Mineralization of the Arabian-Nubian Shield, Bulletin 3, Volume 4, (pp. 26-50). Institute of Applied Geology, King Abdulaziz University: Jiddah, Saudi Arabia.
  • Hirst, J. P. P., Benbakir, A., Payne, D. F. & Westlake, I. R. (2002). Tunnel Valleys and Density Flow Processes in the upper Ordovician glacial succession, Illizi Basin, Algeria: influence on reservoir quality. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 25, 297–324.
  • Hoffman, P.F. & Schrag, D. P. (2000). Snowball Earth. Scientific American, 282(1), 68-75.
  • Huckriede, R., Kürsten, M. & Venzlaff, H. (1962). Zur Geologie des Gebietes zwischen Kerman und Sagand (İran). In Beihefte zum Geologischen Jahrbuch, 51, (197 p). Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Bodenforschung.
  • Hughes, G.W. & Filatoff, J. (1995). New biostratigraphic constraints on Saudi Arabian Red Sea pre-and syn-rift sequences. In M.I. Al-Husseini (Ed.), Middle East Petroleum Geosciences GEO’94 (517-528). Gulf PetroLink, Bahrain, 2.
  • Hughes, G. W. & Johnson, R. S. (2005). Lithostratigraphy of the Red Sea Region. GeoArabia, 10(3). 49-129.
  • Huuse, M., Le Heron, D. P., Dixon, R., Redfern, J., Moscariello, A. & Craig, J. (2012). Glaciogenic reservoirs and hydrocarbon systems: an introduction. In M. Huuse, J. Redfern, D. Le Heron, R. J. Dixon, A. Moscariello & J. Craig (Eds.), Glaciogenic Reservoirs and Hydrocarbon Systems, Special Publications 368 (pp.1-28). Geological Society, London. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP368.19
  • Johnson, P. R. (1996). Proterozoic Geology of Western Saudi Arabia, East-central Sheet (Open-File Report USGS-OF-96-4, scale 1:500,000). Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources.
  • Johnson, P. R. (2003). Post-amalgamation basins of the NE Arabian shield and implications for Neoproterozoic III tectonism in the northern East African orogen. Precambrian Research, 123(2-4), 321–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(03)00074-3
  • Johnson, P. R. & Kattan, F. (1999). The Ruwah, Ar Rika, and HalabanZarghat fault zones: northwest-trending Neoproterozoic brittel-ductile shear zones in west-central Saudi Arabia. In: H. de Wall, R. O. Greiling, (Eds.), Aspects of Pan-African Tectonics (pp. 75–79). International Cooperation, Bilateral Seminars of the International Bureau 32, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany,
  • Johnson, P. R. & Kattan, F. H. (2001). Oblique sinistral transpression in the Arabian shield: the timing and kinematics of a Neoproterozoic suture zone. Precambrian Research, 107 (1-2), 117–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00157-1
  • Johnson, P. R. & Kattan, F. H. (2012). The geology of the Saudi Arabian Shield. Jeddah, Saudi Geological Survey.
  • Johnson, P. R., Kattan, F. H. & Al-Saleh, A. M. (2004). Neoproterozoic ophiolites in the Arabian Shield: Field relations and structure. T.M. Kusky (Ed.), Precambrian Ophiolites and related rocks: Developments in Precambrian Geology (13, 129-162). Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  • Kavak. O., (2007). Hazro Bölgesinin Kömür Potansiyeli ve Hidrokarbon Özellikleri. 16th International Petroleum and Natural Gas Congress and Exhibition of Turkey, May, 2007. Organizations: TAPG.
  • Kellogg, H. E. (1960). Stratigraphic report, Derik-Mardin area Petroleum District V, Southeast Turkey (Rapor no: 1367). TPAO.
  • Ketin, İ. (1966). Güneydoğu Anadolu’nun Kambriyen teşekkülleri ve bunların Doğu İran kambriyeni ile mukayesesi. MTA Dergisi, 66, 75-87.
  • Kocurek, G. & Nielson, J. (1986). Conditions favourable for the formation of warm-climate eolian sand sheets. Sedimentology, 33(6), 795–816.
  • Konert, G., Afifi, A. M., Al-Hajri, S. A., Al Naim, A. A. & Droste, H. J. (2001). Paleozoic stratigraphy and hydrocarbon habitat of the Arabian plate. AAPG Memoir, 74, 483-515.
  • Kröner, A. (1985). Ophiolites, and the evolution of tectonic boundaries in the late Proterozoic Arabian-Nubian shield of Northeast Africa and Arabia. Precambrian Research 27, 277-300.
  • Kröner A., Todt, W., Hussein, I. M., Mansour, M. & Rashwan, A. (1992). Dating of late Proterozoic ophiolites in Egypt and the Sudan using the single grain zircon evaporation technique. Precambrian Research, 59(1-2), 15-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(92)90049-T
  • Lüning, S., Craig, J., Loydell, D. K., Storch, P. & Fitches, W. (2000). Lowermost Silurian hot shales in north Africa and Arabia: regional distribution and depositional model. Earth Science Reviews, 49, 121-200.
  • Lüning, S., Kolonic, S., Loydell, D. K. & Craig, J. (2003). Reconstruction of the original organic richness in weathered Silurian shale outcrops (Murzuq and Kufra basins, southern Libya). GeoArabia, 8, 299-308.
  • Lüning, S., Shahin, Y. M., Loydell, D., Al-Rabi, H. T., Masri, A., Tarawneh, B. & Kolonic, S. (2005). Anatomy of a world-class source rock: distribution and depositional model of Silurian organic-rich shales in Jordan and implications for hydrocarbon potential. Bulletin of American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 89, 1397–1427.
  • Molyneux, S. G. & Al-Hajri, S. (2000). Palynology of Problematic Lower Paleozoic Lithofacies in Central Arabia. In: Al-Hajri and B. Owens (Eds.), Stratigraphy of the Paleozoic of Saudi Arabia (pp. 277-294). GeoArabia Special Publication 1. Gulf Petrolink.
  • Monod, O., Kozlu, H., Ghienne, J.-F., Günay, Y., Le Herisse. A., Paris, F. & Robardet, M. (2003). Late Ordovician glaciation in southern Turkey. Terra Nova 15, 249-257.
  • Moreau, J. (2005). Architecture stratigraphique et dynamique des dépôts glaciaires ordoviciens du Bassin de Murzuk (Libye) [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg.
  • Moses, H.F. (1936). Geological report on the Mardin-Cizre region. Southeastern Turkey (Derleme No:212). Maden Tetkik Arama Enstitüsü.
  • Nayiroğlu, Ü. (2019). 3B Sismik Yorumlamada Farklı Hız Modellerinin Kullanılması ve Derinlik Dönüşümüne Katkılarının incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Isparta.
  • Naylor, D., Al-Rawi, M., Clayton, M., Fitzpatrick, M. J. & Green, P. F. (2013). Hydrocarbon Potential of Jordan. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 36(3), 205-236. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpg.12553
  • Nehlig, P., Genna, A., Asfirane, F., Dubreuil, N., Guerrot,C., Eberlé,, J. M., Kluyver, H. M., Lasserre, J. L., Le Goff, E., Nicol. N., Salpeteur, N., Shanti, M., Thiéblemont, D. & Truffert, C. (2002). A review of the Pan-African evolution of the Arabian Shield. GeoArabia, 7, 103–124.
  • Özdemir, F. ve Ünlügenç, U. C. (2013). Gökiçi (Diyarbakır) Yapısının Stratigrafisi ve Hidrokarbon Potansiyeli Açısından İncelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(1), 127-141.
  • Özgül, N. (1971). Orta Torosların kuzey kesiminin yapısal gelişiminde blok hareketlerinin önemi. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 14(1), 85-101. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tjb/issue/54938/753186
  • Özgül, N. ve Gedik, İ. (1973). Orta Toroslarʹda Alt Paleozoyik yaşta Çaltepe kireçtaşı ve Seydişehir formasyonunun stratigrafisi ve konodont faunası hakkında yeni bilgiler. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 16 (2), 39–52.
  • Pallister, J. S., Stacey, J. S., Fischer, L. B. & Premo, W. R. (1988). Precambrian ophiolites of Arabia: Geologic settings, U-Pb geochronology, Pb-isotope characteristics, and implications for continental accretion. Precambrian Research, 38, 1–54
  • Quick, J. E. (1991). Late Proterozoic transpression of the Nabitah fault system implications for the assembly of the Arabian shield. Precambrian Research, 53, 119–147.
  • Rubino, J. L., Deynoux, M., Ghienne, J. F., Moreau, J., Blanpied, C., Lafont, Andres-Calatrava, F. R., Galeazzı, S. Mynth, T. & Sommer, F. (2003). Late Ordovician Glaciation in Northern Gondwana, Reappraisal and Petroleum Implications. Geology, 19, 117–142.
  • Sayılı, A., Tandırcıoğlu, A., Temel, R. Ö., Can, H. & Yılmaz, E. (2012). Paleozoic Petroleum Geology and New Oil Fields Discoveries in Area-147/3-4, Murzuq Basin in Libya, A Field Trip Guide Book. Kayseri, Turkey. Erciyes University.
  • Sharland, R. P., Archer, R., Casey, R. B., Davies, R. B., Hall, S. H., Heward, A. P., Horbury, A. D. & Simmons, M. D. (2001). Arabian Plate Sequence Stratigraphy. GeoArabia Special Publication 2.
  • Schmidt, G. (1965). Proposed rock unit nomenclature, Petroleum District V, SE-Turkey (autochthonous terrain). Chart 1. In Stratigraphic Committee, Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists, Ankara.
  • Siyako, M., Şeker, H., Bahtiyar, İ., Özdemir, İ., Kılınç, S. F., Arslan, M. D., Karaçay, A., Özsoy, S. ve İşdiken, B. (2015). Batman, Beşiri, Kurtalan, Raman ve Gercüş Civarının Jeolojisi ve Hidrokarbon Olanakları (Rapor no. 5546). Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı Arama Grubu.
  • Stephenson, H. M. & Filatoff, J. (2000a). Correlation of Carboniferous-Permian Palynological Assemblages from Oman and Saudi Arabia. In S. Al-Hajri & B. Owens (Eds.), Stratigraphic Palynology of the Paleozoic of Saudi Arabia (pp. 168-191). GeoArabia Special Publication 1. Gulf PetroLink, Bahrain.
  • Stephenson, H. M. & Filatoff, J. (2000b). Description and Correlation of Late Permian Palynological Assemblages from the Khuff Formation, Saudi Arabia and Evidence for the Duration of the pre-Khuff Hiatus. In S. Al-Hajri & B. Owens (Eds.), Stratigraphic Palynology of the Paleozoic of Saudi Arabia (pp. 192-215). GeoArabia Special Publication 1. Gulf PetroLink, Bahrain.
  • Stern, R. J. (1994). Arc assembly and continental collision in the Neoproterozoic East African orogen. Implications for the consolidation of Gondwanaland. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 22, 319-351.
  • Stern, R. J., Johnson, P. R., Kroner, A. & Yibas, B. (2004). Neoproterozoic ophiolites of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Developments in Precambrian Geology, 13, 95–128.
  • Stern, R. J. & Johnson, P. (2010). Continental Lithosphere of the Arabian Plate; a Geologic, Petrologic, and Geophysical Synthesis. Earth Science Reviews, 101, 29-67.
  • Stern, R. J., Avigad, D., Miller, N. R. & Beyth, M. (2006). Evidence for the snowball Earth hypothesis in the Arabian-Nubian Shield and the east African Orogen. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 44(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.10.003
  • Stern, R. J., Johnson, P. R., Ali, K. A. & Mukherjee, S. (2011). Evidence for early and mid-cryogenian glaciation in the northern Arabian-Nubian Shield (Egypt, Sudan, and western Arabia). In E. Arnaud, G. P. Halverson, & G. Shield-Zhou (Eds), The Geological Record of Neoproterozoic Glaciation (pp. 277–284). Geological Society, London.
  • Stoeser, D. B. & Camp, V. E. (1985). Pan-African microplate accretion of the Arabian Shield. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 96, 917-826.
  • Stoeser, D. B. & Frost, C. D. (2006). Nb, Pb, St, and O isotopic characterization of Saudi Arabian Shield terrenes: Chemical Geology, 226, 163-188.
  • Stoeser, D. B. & Stacey, J. S. (1988). Evolution, U-Pb geochronology, and isotope geology of the Pan-African Nabitah orogenic belt of the Saudi Arabian Shield. In S. El-Gaby & R. O. Greiling, (Eds.), The Pan-African Belt of Northeast Africa and Adjacent Areas (pp. 227–288). Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, Vieweg and Sohn.
  • Stolle, E. (2010). Recognition of southern Gondwanan palynomorphs at Gondwana’s northern margin and biostratigraphic correlation of Permian strata from SE Turkey and Australia. Geological Journal, 45(2-3), 336–349. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1215
  • Stolle, E., Yalçın, N. & Kavak, O. (2011). The Permian Kas Formation of SE Turkey palynological correlation with strata from Saudi Arabia and Oman. Geological Journal, 46, 561–573.
  • Stöclin, J., Ruttner, A. & Nabavi M. (1964). New data on the Lower Paleozoic and Precambrian of North Iran (Report no. 1). Geological Survey of Iran.
  • Şenalp, M. (2006a). Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of the Paleozoic Successions in Saudi Arabia, (Volume 1). Upstream Ventures Department of Saudi Aramco.
  • Şenalp, M. (2006b). Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of the Paleozoic Successions in Saudi Arabia, (Volume 2). Upstream Ventures Department of Saudi Aramco.
  • Şenalp, M. (2016). Kızıldeniz’in Açılımı ve Midyan Havzası’nın Stratigrafik Evrimi (KB Suudi Arabistan. Türkiye Petrol Jeologları Derneği Bülteni, 28(1), 29-58.
  • Şenalp, M. & Al-Duaiji, A. A. (1995). Stratigraphy and Sedimentation of the Unayzah Reservoir Central Saudi Arabia. In M. I. Husseini (Ed.), Middle East Petroleum Geosciences Conference. GEO’94 Gulf Petrolink, Bahrain, 2, 837-847
  • Şenalp, M. & Al-Duaiji, A. A. (2001a). Qasim Formation: Ordovician storm- and tide-dominated shallow marine siliciclastic sequences, Central Saudi Arabia. GeoArabia, 6, 233-268.
  • Şenalp, M. & Al-Duaiji, A. A. (2001b). Sequence Stratigraphy of the Unayzah Reservoir in Central Saudi Arabia. The Saudi Aramco Journal of Technology, 20-43.
  • Şenalp, M. & Al-Laboun, A. (2000). New Evidence on the Late Ordovician Glaciation in Central Saudi Arabia. Saudi Aramco Journal of Technology, 11-40.
  • Şenalp, M., Bahtiyar, I., Isıkalp, U., Uz, E. & Kaya, M. 2018. Sequence Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of the Paleozoic Successions on the Arabian Platform and Their Impact to Hydrocarbon Explorations in Southeast Turkey. Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists, 396 p.
  • Şenalp, M. & Tetiker, S. (2020). Sedimentology and Hydrocarbon Potentials of the Late Ordovician glacial deposits on the Arabian Platform and Southeastern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 29(3), 455-500.
  • Taylor, S.R. (1955). Stratigraphic studies Bozova (Urfa) area (Mobil Exploration Mediterrainean Inc. Report). Petrol İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Teknik Arşivi, Kutu No. 1.
  • Tromp, S. W. (1941). Preliminary compilation of the stratigraphy, structural features and oil possibilities of Southeastern Turkey and a comparison with neighboring areas. Maden Tetkik Arama Enstitüsü Yayınları, Seri A, No.4, 19-34.
  • Turner, R. B., Makhlouf, M. I. & Armstrong A. H. (2005). Late Ordovician (Ashgillian) glacial deposits in Southern Jordan. Sedimentary Geology, 181, 73-91.
  • Vail, J. R. (1985). Panafrican (late Precambrian) tectonic terrains and the reconstruction of the ArabianNubian Shield. Geology, 13, 839–842.
  • Vaslet, D. (1990). Upper Ordovician glacial deposits in Saudi Arabia. Episodes, 13, 147-161.
  • Weber, K. J. (1987). Computation of initial well productivities in aeolian sandstone on the basis of a geological model, Leman gas field, UK. In R. W. Tillman & K. J. Weber (Eds.), Reservoir Sedimentology (333–354). Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 40. https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.87.40.0333
  • Wolfart, R. (1981). Lower Paleozoic rocks of the Middle East, In: C. H. Holland (Ed.), Lower Paleozoic rocks of the Middle East, Eastern and Southern Africa, and Antartica (6-130). Wiley, Chichester.
  • Yılmaz, E. ve Duran, O. (1997). Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi Otokton ve Allokton Birimler Stratigrafi Adlama Sözlüğü. TPAO Araştırma Grubu, Ankara, Eğitim Yayınları No: 31.
Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni-Cover
  • ISSN: 1016-9164
  • Başlangıç: 1947
  • Yayıncı: TMMOB Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Güneydoğu Türkiye’deki Paleozoyik İstiflerinin Sekans Stratigrafisi, Sedimantolojisi ve Hidrokarbon Potansiyeli

Muhittin ŞENALP, Sema TETİKER, Murat ŞENTÜRK

Van Çevresindeki (Doğu Türkiye) Urartu Yerleşim Merkezlerinde (Van Kalesi, Aşağı ve Yukarı Anzaf, Çavuştepe, Ayanis, Toprakkale, Zivistan, Keçikıran, Aliler, Körzüt ve Menua Kanalı Tarihi Yerleri) Kullanılan Kayaçlara İlişkin Petrografik Gözlemler

Asli KARABAŞOĞLU, Özgür KARAOĞLU, Rıfat KUVANÇ

Çibaniyen Katı’nın İlanı, Bilimsel ve Sosyal Arka Planı

Nizamettin KAZANCI

Porosity Prediction for Some Geological intervals in the East Baghdad Oil Field Using New Empirical Equations

Maan ABDULLAH

Uludağ'ın (Bursa) Güneybatısındaki Jeotermal Kaynak ve Madensularının Kökenine Jeokimyasal Bir Yaklaşım

Nizamettin ŞENTÜRK, Halim MUTLU