Ebru AKKÖPRÜ, M. Korhan ERTURAÇ, Damase MOURALIS, Catherine KUZUCUOĞLU, Anne-Kyria ROBIN

Doğu Anadolu'daki Obsidiyen Kaynak Alanlarının Belirlenmesinde Jeomorfolojik ve Volkanolojik Göstergelerin Önemi

Arkeolojik kazı alanlarında bulunan el aletlerinden anlaşıldığı üzere Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi volkanik alanlarına ait obsidiyenler tarih öncesi dönemlerde ticareti yapılarak çok geniş alanlara yayılmıştır. Bu nedenle Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde obsidiyenin yayılımı ve volkanik-jeomorfolojik özellikleri ile alakalı bir çalışma yapmak önemlidir.Bu çalışmada, Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi volkanik alanlarında jeomorfolojik ve jeolojik yaklaşımla yapılan arazi çalışmalarından örnekler verilerek obsidiyen kaynaklarının belirlenmesinde volkanolojik ve jeomorfolojik göstergelerin öneminden bahsedilmiştir. Obsidiyenin temel özellikleri (renk, doku, dayanıklılık, sertlik vb), hammadde olarak varlığı, miktarı ve ulaşılabilirliği volkanik ve jeomorfolojik süreçler ile yakından ilişkilidir. Örneğin; obsidiyenin kimsayal ve fiziksel özellikleri büyük oranda volkanizmanın kontrolü altında belirmektedir. Obsidiyenin yüzlek alanlarının yayılımında ve oluşum tiplerinde (dom, dayk, akma, vb) magmatik süreçler önemli rol oynar. Volkanik bir masif içindeki obsidiyenin bulunması volkanizma sonucudur ancak daha sonra aynı alan içinde varlığını sürdürmesi tamamen aşınma süreçlerinin türüne ve şiddetine de bağlıdır. Volkanik topografyanın evrimi obsidiyenin hammadde olarak bulunup işlenip kullanılmasında önemlidir. Şöyle ki volkanik alanda oluşan sonraki volkanik faaliyetler ve erozyon süreçleri obsidiyenin fosilleşmesine veya tamamen aşınıp tahrip olmasına neden olabilir. Ayrıca bu çeşit bir etki ikincil kaynakları olarak bilinen kolüvyal veya alüvyal malzeme içindeki obsidiyen varlığını ve oranını da değiştirir.

The Importance of the Geomorphological and Volcanological Indicators in Determining Obsidian Source Areas

As understood from the artifacts found in the archaeological excavation areas, the obsidian belonging to the volcanic areas of the Eastern Anatolian Region spread to a very wide area by being traded in prehistoric times. For this reason, it is important to carry out a study on obsidian diffusion and volcanicgeomorphological features in the Eastern Anatolia Region.In this study, the importance of volcanological and geomorphological indicators in the determination of obsidian sources is given by examplifying field studies with geomorphological and geological approaches in the volcanic areas of Eastern Anatolia RegionThe basic characteristics of obsidian (color, texture, durability, hardness, etc.) presence, quantity and availability as raw materials are closely related with volcanic and geomorphological processes. For example; The chemical and physical properties of the obsidian appear largely under the control of volcanism. Magmatic processes play an important role in the spread of the obsidian surface areas and in the formation types (dom, dyke, flow, etc.). The presence of obsidian in a volcanic massif is the result of volcanism, but at the same time, its continuation in the same area later also depends on the type and severity of the entire erosion process. Namely, the next volcanic activity and or erosional processes in the volcanic area may cause the obsidian to fossilize or be completely eroded and destroyed. In addition, this kind of effect also changes the presence and proportion of obsidian in the colluvial and alluvial material known as secondary sources on the area.

PDF

___

Arslan, M., 1994, Mineralogy, geochemistry, petrology and petrogenesis of the Meydan-Zilan (Erciş- Van, Turkey) area volcanic rocks: Doktora Tezi, Glasgow Üniversitesi, 559s. (yayınlanmamış). Astruc L., Gratuze B., Pelegrin J., Akkermans P., 2007.
From production to use: a parcel of obsidian bladelets at Sabi Abyad II, in Astruc, Binder & Briois (ed.), Systèmes techniques et communautés du néolithiques précéramique au Proche-Orient. Actes du 5e colloque international, Fréjus, du 29 février au 5 mars 2004, Antibes: APDCA, 327- 341.
Bigazzi G., Yegingil Z., Ercan T., Oddone M., Özdogan M., 1997. Age determination of obsidian bearing volcanics in eastern Anatolia using the Fissiontrack dating method. Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 40 (2): 57-72.
Bigazzi G., Poupeau G., Yegingil Z., Bellot-Gurlet L.,1998. Provenance studies of obsidian artefacts in Anatolia using the fission-track dating method: an overview. In M.-C. Cauvin et al., (ed).
L'Obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient. BAR. Oxford: Archeopress: 69-89.
Binder, D., Gratuze, B., Mouralis, D., Balkan-Atlı, N., 2011. New investigations of the Göllüdağ obsidian lava flows system: a multidisciplinary approach. Journal of Archaeological Science. 38 (12), 3174-3184.
Blackman, J., R. Badaljan, Z. Kikodze, and P.Kohl.,1998. Chemical characterization of Caucasian obsidian geological sources. In M.-C. Cauvin et al., (ed) L'Obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient. BAR. Oxford: Archeopress: 205-231.
Cann, J.R. and C. Renfrew. 1964. The Characterization of Obsidian and Its Application to the Mediterranean Region. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. 30: 111-131.
Cauvin M. -C, Gourgaud A., Gratuze B., Arnaud N., Poupeau G., Poidevin J-L., 1998.Chataigner C., (ed). L'Obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient. BAR. Oxford: Archeopress, 388.
Cauvin, M.-C., Chataigner, C., 1998. Distribution de l'obsidienne dans les sites archéologiques du Proche et Moyen Orient. In: Cauvin, M.-C. (Ed.), L'obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient ancien: du volcan à l'outil, Lyon, Maison de l'Orient Méditerranéen 738. B.A.R Inter. Ser., Oxford, pp. 325-350.
Chataigner C., Isikli M., Gratuze B. 2013. Obsidian sources in the regions of Erzurum and Kars (North-East Turkey): new data. Archaeometry. (DOI : 10.1111/arcm.12002). 1-24
Chataigner C., Gratuze B.. 2013a New data on the exploitation of the obsidian in the Southern Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia) and Eastern Turkey, Part 1 : Source characterization. Archaeometry.. (DOI :10.1111/arcm.12006).
Chataigner C., Gratuze B. 2013b. New data on the exploitation of the obsidian in the Southern Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia) and Eastern Turkey, Part 2 : Obsidian procurement from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Late Bronze Age. Archaeometry. (DOI:10.1111/arcm.12007).
Chataigner, C., 1994. Les propriétés géochimiques des obsidiennes et la distinction des sources de Bingöl et du Nemrut Dag. Paléorient 20 (2), 9-17.
Chataigner C, Poidevin J.L, Arnaud N., 1998. Turkish occurrences of obsidian and use by prehistoric peoples in the Near East from 14,000 to 6000 BP. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85 (1-4) (Octobre): 517-537.
Ercan, T., Şaroğlu, F., Kusçu, I., 1996. Features of obsidian beds formed by volcanic activity since 25 million years B.P. In: Dimirci, S., Özer, A.M., Summers, G.D. Eds. The Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium on Archaeometry, Ankara 1994. Tübitak, Ankara: 505-513.
Erturaç, K., Kuzucuoğlu, C., Mouralis, D., Astruc, L., Balkan-Atlı, N., 2010. The Göllüdağ complex: genesis of volcanoes and prehistoric societies. 1ères rencontres archéologiques de l'IFEA, Istanbul, 11-13 novembre 2010.
Frahm, E., 2012. Distinguishing Nemrut Dağ and Bingöl A obsidians: geochemical and landscape differences and the archeological implication. Journal of Archaeological Science. 39,1436-1444.
Gratuze, B.,1998. Les méthodes de caractérisation de l'obsidienne. In M.-C. Cauvin et al., (ed). L'Obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient. BAR. Oxford: Archeopress: 31-51.
Karaoğlu, Ö., Özdemir, Y., Tolluoğlu, A.Ü., Karabıyıkoğlu, M., Köse, O., Froger, J.-L., 2005. Stratigraphy of the volcanic products around Nemrut Caldera: implications for reconstruction of the caldera formation. Turk. Journal Earth Science. 14, 123-143.
Keller, J. et Seifried, C., 1990. The present status of obsidian source identification in Anatolia and the Near-East, PACT, 25: 57-87.
Khalidi, L., Gratuze B., Boucetta S., 2009. Provenance of obsidian excavated from late chalcolithic levels at the sites of Tell Hamoukar and Tell Brack. Archaeometry 51: 879-893.
Nomade, S., Gauthier, A., Guillou, H., J.F., P., 2010. 40Ar/39Ar temporal framework for the Alleret maar lacustrine sequence (French Massif-Central): volcanological and paleoclimatic implications. Quaternaire. Geochronology. 5, 20-27.
Oddone, M., Yeğinğil Z., Bigazzi G., Ercan T,. Özdoğan M., 1997. Chemical characterisations of Anatolian obsidians by instrumental and epithermal neutron activation analysis. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 224 (1-2) (octobre): 27-38.
Özdemir, Y., Karaoğlu, Ö., Tolluoğlu, A.U., Güleç, N., 2006. Volcanostratigraphy and petrogenesis of the Nemrut stratovolcano, East Anatolian High Plateau: the most recent post-collisional volcanism in Turkey. Chemical. Geology. 226, 189-211.
Özdoğan M., Başgelen N. 1999. Neolithic in Turkey. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları: 236.
Pearce J.A., Bender J.F., De Long S.E., Kidd W.S.F., Low P.J., Güner Y., Saroğlu F., Yilmaz Y., Moorbath S., Mitchell J.G. 1990. Genesis of collision volcanism in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 44 (1-2): 189-229.
Pearce J.A., Bender J.F., De Long S.E., Kidd W.S.F., Low P.J., Güner Y., Saroğlu F., Yilmaz Y., Moorbath S., Mitchell J.G. 1990. Genesis of collision volcanism in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 44 (1-2): 189-229.
Poidevin, J.L. 1998. Les gisements d'obsidienne de Turquie et de Transcaucasie: géologie, géochimie et chronométrie. In Cauvin et al. (ed.), L'Obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient. Du volcan à l'outil, BAR International Series 738. Oxford: Archeopress: 105-203.
Renfrew, C., Dixon, J.E., Cann, J.R., 1996. Obsidian and early cultural contact in the Near East. Proceedings of Prehistoric Society. 32: 30-72.
Robin, A.K., Mouralis, D., Akköprü, E., Gratuze B., , Kuzucuoğlu, C., Nomade, S., Pereira, A., Doğu, A.F., Erturaç, K., Khalidi, L., 2016. Identification and characterization of two new obsidian subsources in the Nemrut volcano (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey): The Sıcaksu and Kayacık obsidian. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, Volume 9, October 2016, Pages 705-717
Yegingil, Z., Boztug, D., Er, M., Oddone, M., Bigazzi, G., 2002. Timing of neotectonic fracturing by fission track dating of obsidian in-filling faults in the Ikizdere-Rize area, NE Black Sea region, Turkey. Terra Nova. 14: 169-174.
Yılmaz, Y., Güner, Y., Şaroğlu, F., 1998. Geology of the Quaternary volcanic centres of the east Anatolia. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 85, 173-210.