Telegramming News: How have Telegram channels transformed journalism in Iran?

Telegramming News: How have Telegram channels transformed journalism in Iran?

This research tries to evaluate Telegram’s effects on journalism and news writing in Iran. The emergence of socialmedia has affected many social and political trends in societies, as well as journalism practices and procedures.Telegram, as the most popular social media in Iran, hypothetically has the power to do so. Moreover, there arenumerous channels on Telegram which publish news posts daily. Therefore, I tried to explore how these channelsimpact journalism in Iran. Doing so, I analyzed how the structure of news is transformed by the emergence ofnew forms of news writing and the disappearance of traditional standards. Furthermore, I probed the newsvalues on Telegram channels to find out how a piece of writing becomes a news in this new space. Finally, Istudied how objectivity was treated by Telegram channels, to provide a comprehensive interpretation of newson Telegram. A wide range of textual methods (both quantitative and qualitative content analyses and discourseanalysis) were employed to analyze the most viewed posts on Telegram channels during Iran’s 2017 presidentialelection period. As a result, 620 posts in 31 days were gathered and analyzed. The results showed that the newsstructure has changed more than the ways that channels use news values. In fact, the old standards of newswriting are abandoned and new forms, such as screenshots, have emerged. Moreover, prominence is the mostfavorable news value on these channels; while relevance and magnitude are of least interest. Finally, findingsrevealed that the majority of news posts are objective.

___

  • Al-Rawi, A. (2017). News values on social media: News organizations’ Facebook use. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 18(7), 871–889. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916636142.
  • Barnard, S. R. (2016). “Tweet or be sacked”: Twitter and the new elements of journalistic Practice. Journalism 17(2), 190–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884914553079.
  • Bednarek, M., & Caple, H. (2014). Why do news values matter? Towards a new methodological framework for analysing news discourse in critical discourse analysis and beyond. Discourse & Society 25(2), 135–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926513516041.
  • Blaagaard, B. B. (2013). Shifting boundaries: Objectivity, citizen journalism and tomorrow’s journalists. Journalism 14(8), 1076–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884912469081.
  • Bossio, D., & Bebawi, S. (2016). Mapping the emergence of social media in everyday journalistic practices. Media International Australia 161(1), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X16665494.
  • Boyd, D. (2010). Social network sites as networked publics: Affordances, dynamics, and implications. In Papacharissi, Z. (Ed.) Networked self: Identity, community, and culture on social network sites (pp. 39– 58). London: Routledge.
  • Broersma, M., & Graham, T. (2013). Twitter as a news source how Dutch and British newspapers used tweets in Their News Coverage, 2007-2011. Journalism Practice 7(4), 446–464. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512 786.2013.802481.
  • Brooks, B. S., Kennedy, G., Moen, D. R., & Ranly D. (2014). News reporting and writing. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s.
  • Bruns, A., & Highfield, T. (2012). Blogs, Twitter, and breaking news : The produsage of citizen journalism. In R. A. Lind (Ed.) Produsing theory in a digital world : The intersection of audiences and production in contemporary theory (pp. 15–32).
  • Duffy, M. J. (2011). Networked journalism and Al-Jazeera English: How the Middle East network engages the audience to help produce news. Journal of Middle East Media 7(1), 23.
  • English, P. (2016). Twitter’s diffusion in sports journalism: Role models, laggards and followers of the social media innovation. New Media & Society 18(3), 484–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814544886.
  • Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing Discourse: Textual analysis for social research. London: Routledge.
  • Galtung, J., & Ruge, M. H. (1965). The structure of foreign news. Journal of Peace Research 2 (1), 64–90. https:// doi.org/10.1177/002234336500200104.
  • Gans, H. J. (2004). Deciding what’s news. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.
  • Gearhart, S., & Kang S. (2014). Social media in television news. Electronic News 8(4), 243–259. https://doi. org/10.1177/1931243114567565.
  • Harcup, T., & O’Neill, D. (2001). What is news? Galtung and Ruge revisited. Journalism Studies 2(2), 261–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700120042114.
  • Harcup, T., & O’Neill, D. (2017). What is news?: News values revisited (again). Journalism Studies 18(12), 1470– 88. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1150193.
  • Hermida, A. (2010). Twittering the news: The emergence of ambient journalism. Journalism Practice 4(3), 297– 308. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512781003640703.
  • Hermida, A. 2013. #Journalism: Reconfiguring journalism research about Twitter, one tweet at a time. Digital Journalism 1(3), 295–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2013.808456.
  • Hermida, A., Fletcher, F., Korell, D. & Logan, D. (2012). Share, like, recommend. Journalism Studies 13(5–6), 815–824. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.664430.
  • Hermida, A., Lewis, S. C., & Zamith, R. (2014). Sourcing the Arab Spring: A case study of Andy Carvin’s sources on Twitter during the Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 19(3), 479–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12074.
  • Hopke, J. E., & Simis, M. (2017). Discourse over a contested technology on Twitter: A case study of hydraulic fracturing. Public Understanding of Science, 26(1), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662515607725
  • Jahng, M. R., & Littau, J. (2016). Interacting is believing: Interactivity, social cue, and perceptions of journalistic credibility on Twitter. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 93(1), 38–58. https://doi. org/10.1177/1077699015606680.
  • Jørgensen, M., & Phillips, L. (2002). Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
  • Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons 53(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003.
  • Kermani, H. (2016). Participant observation in Telegram groups: Roadmap and a case study. The Journal of Culture – Communication Studies 17(35), 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22083/jccs.2016.42560.
  • Kheirabadi, R., & Aghagolzadeh F. (2012). A discoursive review of Galtung and Ruge’s news factors in Iranian newspapers. Theory and Practice in Language Studies 2(5). https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.5. 989-994.
  • Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, (2014). The elements of journalism. New York: Three Rivers Press.
  • Krippendorff, K. H. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
  • Lee, J. (2015). The double-edged sword: The effects of journalists’ social media activities on audience perceptions of journalists and their news products. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 20(3), 312–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12113.
  • Majó-vázquez, S., Zhao, J., Nurse J. R. C., & Nielsen, R. K. (2017). Digital-born and legacy news media on Twitter during the UK General Election. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Retrieved from https:// reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-11/Digital-Born%20and%20Legacy%20 News%20Media%20UK%20Factsheet.pdf.
  • McKane, A. (2006). News writing. London: Sage.
  • McNair, B. (2009). News and journalism in the UK. London: Routledge.
  • Molyneux, L. (2015). What journalists retweet: Opinion, humor, and brand development on Twitter. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, 16(7): 920–935. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884914550135.
  • Newman, N. (2009). The rise of social media and its impact on mainstream journalism. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, 8 (September): 1–5. Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/ sites/default/files/2017-11/The%20rise%20of%20social%20media%20and%20its%20impact%20on%20 mainstream%20journalism.pdf.
  • Örnebring, H. (2013). Anything you can do, I can do better? Professional journalists on citizen journalism in six European countries. International Communication Gazette, 75(1): 35–53. https://doi. org/10.1177/1748048512461761.
  • Pak Nezhad., H. (2016). Telegram and divorce: A case study, Razi Journal of Medical Science, 23 (150), 77-81.
  • Papacharissi, Z. (2014). Affective publics: Sentiment, technology, and politics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Prasad, D. B. (2008). Content analysis: A method of Social Science Research. In D. K. L. Das & V. Bhaskaran (Eds.), Research methods for social work (pp. 174–193). New Delhi: Rawat Publications.
  • Rezaei, R., Safa, L., and Adibi, M. (2016). Factors Affecting the Intention of Using Telegram in Educational Activities Case Study: Mashhad University Students, Media Research Journal, 23 (87), 37-64.
  • Ricketson, M. (2004). Writing feature stories. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
  • Riffe, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. (2014). Analyzing Media Messages Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research. New York and London: Routledge.
  • Rose, S., Spinks, N., & Canhoto, A. I. (2014). Management Research: Applying the Principles. London: Routledge.
  • Rudin, R, & Ibbotson, T. (2002). An introduction to journalism. London: Focal Press.
  • Schreier, M. (2014). Qualitative Content Analysis. In U. Flick (Ed.), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis (pp. 170–184). London: SAGE Publications.
  • Shoemaker, P. and Reese, S. D. (2014). Mediating the Message in the 21st Century: A Media Sociology Perspective. New York: Routledge.
  • Trilling, D., Tolochko, P., & Burscher, B. (2017). From newsworthiness to shareworthiness. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 94(1): 38–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016654682.
  • Tuchman, G. (1972). Objectivity as strategic ritual: An examination of Newsmen’s notions of objectivity. American Journal of Sociology 77(4): 660–679. https://doi.org/10.1086/225193.
  • van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis. Discourse & Society, 4(2), 249–283. https://doi. org/10.1177/0957926593004002006
  • Veenstra, A. S., Iyer, N., Park, C. S., & Alajmi, F. (2015). Twitter as “a journalistic substitute”? Examining #wiunion tweeters’ behavior and self-perception. Journalism 16(4): 488–504. https://doi. org/10.1177/1464884914521580.
  • Vis, F. (2013). Twitter as a reporting tool for breaking news: Journalists tweeting the 2011 UK riots. Digital Journalism 1(1): 27–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2012.741316.
  • Wahl-Jorgensen, K., & Hanitzsch, T. (2009). The handbook of journalism studies. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Wiggins, S. (2009). Discourse analysis. In Encyclopedia of Human Relationships (pp. 427–430). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Wilkinson, S. (2000). Women with Breast Cancer Talking Causes : Comparing Content, Biographical and Discursive Analyses. Feminism & Psychology, 10(4), 431–460.