Impacts of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff., 1785) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) on growth and increment loss in young Pinus brutia (Ten.) generations

Kızılçam [(Pinus brutia) (Ten.)] yaşamı boyunca değişik biyotik ve abiyotik zarar-lıların etkisinde kalmaktadır. Neodiprion sertifer’(Geoff., 1785) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)’de kızılçamın asimilasyon organı olan yapraklarını yiyerek zarar vermektedir. Bu çalışmada, N. sertifer’in kızılçam gençliklerindeki fidanlarda yaptığı yaprak yemesi sonucunda; çap, boy ve hacimdeki artım ve büyüme kaybı üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışma, 2000-2004 yılları arasında 5 yıl böceğin etkisinin sürekli gözlendiği Burdur ili Aziziye yöresinde yapılmıştır. Çalışma alanında, 3 farklı yörede kontrol ve zarar grubundan 45’er örnek fidan alınmıştır. Böylelikle toplam 90 örnek fidan seçilmiştir. Seçilen fidanlarda zarar ve kontrol grubundaki artım ve büyüme miktarlarını karşılaştırmak için gövde analizleri yapılmıştır. Seçilen fidanlar kesilmiş, 25 cm aralıklarla dipten tepeye doğru gövde kesitleri alınmıştır. Kesitlerdeki yıllık halkalar arası ölçülmüş ve her bir fidan için yaşa göre çap, boy ve hacim artım ve büyümesi belirlenmiştir. Kontrol ve zarar grubu örnek ağaçlarda yıllık artımlarının istatistik açıdan aynı olup olmadığı ANOVA ile test edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, kontrol ve zarar grubundaki fidanlarda çap (F1;88=39.415***), boy (F1;88=50.512***) ve hacim (F1;88=58.378***) artımları istatistik açıdan farklı bulunmuştur. Zarar grubundaki ağaçlarda çap, boy ve hacim büyümelerinde önemli miktarda azalmalar belirlenmiş ve bu azalmalar kontrole göre ortalama yüzde değerler sırasıyla %39, %28 ve %71 olarak bulunmuştur.

Kızılçam [Pinus brutia (Ten.)] Gençliklerinde Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff., 1785) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)’in artım ve büyüme kaybı üzerine etkisi

Pinus brutia (Ten.) is affected by various biotic and abiotic factors during its lifetime. Insect damage undoubtedly is the most important biotic factor for the tree. The European pine sawfly (EPS), Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff., 1785) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), eats the needles of P. brutia trees and damages their assimilation organs. In this study, as a result of leaf eating of EPS on the trees of young P.brutia; its effect on increment of diameter, height and volume and growth loss was studied from 2000 to 2004. For this purpose, three different pure young P. brutia generations in the districts of Aziziye, Burdur were chosen as the study area. EPS has caused an epidemic which continued for 5 years in the seedlings in that young generations. In the 5 aged young P. brutia generations, 45 non-infested and 45 infested groups were chosen and cut in three different areas. At the choosen seedlings stem analysis was made to compare the increment and growth of infested and non-infested groups. Discs for stem analysis were taken from 0.0 m and each 0.25 m of the seedlings which were cut. Annual rings in the discs were measured with the sensitivity of 0.01 and diameter, height and volume development were set for each sample seedling according to age. In the sample seedling which were in non-infested and infested groups, annual increments were compared with ANOVA Statistical Test. In the sample seedling which were in the non-infested and infested groups; diameter (F1;88=39.415***), height (F1;88=50.212***) and volume (F1;88=58.378***) growths were statistically different. Substantial decreases were identified in the growth of diameter, height and volume in the seedling which were in the non-infested group. These decreases on average were 39%, 28% and 71% successively.

PDF

___

Anonymous, 2006. Türkiye Orman Varlığı. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara, 160 s.
Anonymous, 2009. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Olağan Üstü Hasılat Eatası Verileri. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Muhtelif Dökümanlar, Ankara, 25 s.
Austara, Ø., A. Orlund, A. Svendsrud & A. Veidahl, 1987. Growth loss and economic consequences following two years defoliation of Pinus sylvestris by the pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifier, in west-Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 2 (1):111-119.
Avery, T. E. & H. E. Burkhart, 1994. Forest Measurement. Mcgraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources, New York, 408 p.
Bektaş İ., M. H. Alma, N. As & R. Gündoğan, 2003. Relationship between site index and several mechanical properties of Turkish calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.). Forest Products Journal, 53 (2):27-31.
Carlson, C.E. & W. W. McCaughey, 1982. Indexing Western Spruce Budworm Activity Through Radial İncrement Analysis. USDA Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Publication Number: RP-INT-291, Utah, 10 pp.
Carolyn, A. C. & D. A. Marc, 2003. Dendroecology in young stands: case studies from jack pine in northern Lower Michigan. Forest Ecology and Management, 182 (1): 247-257.
Carroll, A. L., M. F., Lawlor & D. T. Quiring, 1993. Influence of feeding by Zeiraphera canadensis, the spruce bud moth, on stem-wood growth of young white spruce. Forest Ecology and Management, 58 (1-2): 41-49.
Carus, S. & M. Avcı, 2005. Growth Loss of Lebanon Cedar (Cedrus libani) Stands as Related to Periodic Outbreaks of the Cedar Shoot Moth (Dichelia cedricola). Phytoparasitica, 33 (1): 33-48.
Carus, S., 2009. Effects of defoliation caused by the processionary moth on growth of Crimean pines in western Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 37 (2): 105-114.
Chung, S. B. & S. C. Shin, 1994. Studies on the effects of blacktipped sawfly, Acantholyda posticalis posticalis Matsumura on the growth of Korean white pine, Pinus koraiensis S. et Z. Journal of Korean Forestry Society, 83 (1): 450-459.
Colbert, J. J. & D. Fekedulegn, 2001. “Effects of gypsy moth defoliation on tree growth. preliminary models for effects of cumulative defoliation on individual host tree radial increment”. Proceedings of the Integrated Management and Dynamics of Forest Defoliating Insects (August 15-19 1999; Victoria, BC), 173 pp.
Çanakçıoğlu, H. 1989. Orman Entomolojisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Yayın No 3405/382, İstanbul, 385 s.
Çatal, Y., 2009. Batı Akdeniz Bölgesi Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) Meşcerelerinde Artım ve Büyüme. SDÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü (Basılmamış) Doktora Tezi, Isparta, 281 s.
Hanski, I., 1987. Pine sawfly population dynamics: patterns, processes, problems. Oikos, 50 (1): 327-335.
Juutinen, P. & M. Varama, 1986. Occurrence of the European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer) in Finland during 1966-1983. Folia Forestalia, 662 (1): 1-39.
Kalıpsız, A., 1981. İstatisitik Yöntemler. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Yayın No 3835/427, İstanbul, 558 s.
Karsh, M.B., 1996. Growth Responses in Balsam Fir Stands Defoliated by The Eastern Spruce Budworm in Newfoundland. Canadian Forest Service Press, Newfoundland and Labrador Region, St John’s, NL, 49 pp.
Kollenberg, C. L. & K. L. O’Hara, 1999. Leaf area and tree increment dynamics of even-aged and multiaged lodgepole pine stands in Montana. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29 (6): 687-695.
Krause, C., 1997. The use of dendrochronological material from buildings to get information about past spruce budworm outbreaks. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 27 (1): 69-75.
Larsson, S. & O. Tenow, 1984. Areal distribution of a Neodiprion sertifer (Hym., Diprionidae) outbreak on Scots pine as related to stand condition. Holarctic Ecology, 7 (1): 81-90.
Larsson, S., C. Björkman & N.A. Kidd, 1993. “Outbreaks in Diprionid Sawflies: Why Some Species and Not Others?” In:Wagner, M.R., Raffa, K.F. (Eds.), Sawfly Life History Adaptations to Woody Plants. Academic Press, San Diego, 484 pp.
Long, J. N., F. W. Smith & D. R. M. Scott, 1981. The role of Douglasfir stem sapwood and heartwood in the mechanical and physiological support of crowns and development of stem form. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 11 (1): 459-464.
Miller, K. K. & M. R. Wagner, 1989. Effect of Pandora moth (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) defoliation on growth of Ponderosa pine in Arizona. Journal of Economic Entomology, 82 (6): 1682-1686.
Morris, C. L., W. J. Schroeder & K.A. Knox, 1964. Growth loss in shortleaf and Virginia pines from sawfly defoliation. Journal of Forestry, 62 (1): 500-501.
Muzika, R. M. & A. M. Leibhold, 1999. Changes in radial increment of host and nonhost tree species with gypsy moth defoliation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29 (9): 1365-1373.
Naidoo, R. & M. J. Lechowicz, 2001. Effects of gypsy moth on radial growth of deciduous trees. Forest Science, 47 (3): 338-348.
Östrand, F., R. Wedding, E. Jirle & O. Anderbrant, 1999. Effect of mating disruption on reproductive behaviour in the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer. Journal of Insect Behavior, 12 (2): 233-243.
Piene, H. & C.H. A. Little, 1990. Spruce budworm defoliation and growth loss in young balsam fir: artificial defoliation of potted trees. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20 (7): 902-909.
Piene, H. & D. A. MacLean, 1999. Spruce budworm defoliation and growth loss in young balsam fir: Patterns of shoot, needle and foliage weight production over a nine-year outbreak cycle. Forest Ecology and Management, 123 (2-3): 115-133.
Piene, H., 1989. Spruce budworm defoliation and growth loss in young balsam fir: Recovery of growth in spaced stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 19 (1): 1616-1624.
Ryerson, D. E., T. W. Swetnam & A.M. Lynch, 2003. A tree ring reconstruction of western spruce budworm outbreaks in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 33 (6): 1010-1028.
Smith, D. R., 1993. “Systematics, Life History, and Distribution of Sawflies”. In: Sawfly Life History Adaptations to Woody Plants (Eds. M.R. Wagner & K.F. Raffa), Academic Press, San Diego, 581 pp.
Speer, J. H., T. W. Swetnam, B.E. Wickman & A. Youngblood, 2001. Changes in Pandora moth outbreak dynamics during the past 622 years. Ecology, 82 (3): 679-697.
Swetnam, T. W. & A. M. Lynch, 1989. A tree ring reconstruction of western spruce budworm history in the southern Rocky Mountains. Forest Science, 35 (4): 962-986.
Swetnam, T. W., M. A. Thomson & E.K. Sutherland, 1988. Using Dendrochronology to Measure Radial Growth of Defoliated Trees. USDA Forestry Service Press, Washington, 39 pp.
Usta, H. Z., 1991. Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) Ağaçlandırmalarında Hasılat Araştırmaları. Ormancılık Araştırma Müdürlüğü Teknik Bülten No 219, Ankara, 138 s.
Waring, R. H., 1983. Estimating forest growth and efficiency in relation to canopy leaf area. Advances in Ecological Research, 13 (1): 327-354.
Zhang, Q., R. I. Alfaro & R. J. Hebda, 1999. Dendroecological studies of tree growth, climate and spruce beetle outbreaks in central British Columbia, Canada. Forest Ecology and Management, 121 (3): 215-225.