Dirençli Egzersiz Eğitiminin Obez Bireylerde Vücut Kas ve Yağ Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisi

Obezite, dünya çapında prevalansı gittikçe artan, vücut ağırlığındaki artış ile karakterize çok faktörlü bir hastalıktır. Özellikle abdominal bölgede yağ artışına neden olarak hipertansiyon, diyabet gibi hastalıkların görülmesinde risk oluşturmaktadır. Obezite, enerji alımı veya harcamasındaki davranış değişiklikleri ile yönetilebilmektedir. Bu amaçla çeşitli beslenme ve egzersiz stratejileri kullanılmaktadır. Egzersiz, enerji harcamasında artışa neden olarak vücut ağırlığının azalması, yağ kütlesinde kaybın meydana gelmesi ve bu etkilerin sürdürülmesine katkıda bulunmaktadır. Egzersiz, vücutta ağırlık kaybı olmasa bile obezitenin olumsuz sağlık sonuçlarını hafifletme potansiyeline sahiptir. Çalışmalar, dirençli egzersiz eğitiminin negatif bir enerji dengesini teşvik edebileceğini, vücut yağ kütlesini değiştirerek ağırlık yönetiminde rol alabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Dirençli egzersiz eğitimi ile kas kütlesindeki artış vücutta daha iyi bir metabolik kontrole sahip olmayı sağlamaktadır. Ağırlık kaybı ve kontrolü açısından bakıldığında son egzersiz yönergeleri, egzersiz reçetesinin bir parçası olarak dirençli egzersiz eğitimini içermektedir. Dirençli egzersiz eğitimi, fiziksel aktivite süresince harcanan enerjideki artış ve bazal metabolizma hızının akut artışıyla birlikte vücut yağ yönetiminde önemli bir rol oynayabilmektedir. Dirençli egzersiz eğitimi, yağsız vücut kütlesini artırmakta, visseral ve toplam vücut yağını azaltarak vücut kompozisyonunda değişikliklere neden olabilmektedir. Ancak dirençli egzersiz eğitimlerinin vücut yağ kompozisyonu üzerindeki etkileri hâlâ kesin sonuçlar vermemektedir. Bu bakımdan derlemede dirençli egzersiz eğitimin vücut yağ kütlesi ve kas üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

dirençli egzersiz, kas kütlesi, ; obezite, yağ kütlesi

The Effect of Resistant Exercise Training on Body Muscle and Fat Parameters in Obese Individuals

Obesity is a multifactorial disease with an increasing prevalence worldwide and is characterized by an increase in body weight. It poses a risk for diseases such as hypertension and diabetes, especially by causing an increase in fat in the abdominal area. Obesity can be managed through behavioral changes in energy intake or expenditure. Various nutrition and exercise strategies are used for this purpose. Exercise causes an increase in energy expenditure and contributes to a decrease in body weight, loss of fat mass and the maintenance of these effects. Exercise has the potential to mitigate the adverse health consequences of obesity even without weight loss in the body. Studies suggest that resistance exercise training can promote a negative energy balance, play a role in weight management by changing body fat mass. Increase in muscle mass with resistance exercise training provides a better metabolic control in the body. From the perspective of weight loss and control, recent exercise guidelines include resistance exercise training as part of an exercise prescription. Resistance exercise training can play an important role in body fat management, with an increase in energy expended during physical activity and an acute increase in basal metabolic rate. Resistance exercise training can increase lean body mass and cause changes in body composition by reducing visceral and total body fat. However, the effects of resistance exercise training on body fat composition still do not give definitive results. In this respect, this review aims to examine the effects of resistance exercise training on body fat mass and muscle.

Keywords:

Fat mass, Muscle mass, Obesity, Resistance exercise,

PDF

___

1. Lemamsha H, Randhawa G, Papadopoulos C. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Libyan men and women. BioMed Res Int. 2019;2019:8531360.
2. Tam A, Çakır B. Birinci basamakta obeziteye yaklaşım. Ankara Medical Journal. 2012;12(1):37-41.
3. Donnelly JE, Blair SN, Jakicic JM, Manore MM, Rankin JW, Smith BK. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Medi Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(2):459-471.
4. Cavalcante E, Ribeiro A, Do Nascimento M, Silva A, Tomeleri C, Nabuco H, Pina FLC, Mayhew JL, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME, da Silva DRP, Fleck SJ, Cyrino ES. Effects of different resistance training frequencies on fat in overweight/obese older women. Int J Sports Med. 2018;39(07):527-534.
5. Strasser B, Arvandi M, Siebert U. Resistance training, visceral obesity and inflammatory response: A review of the evidence. Obes Rev. 2012;13(7):578-591.
6. JafariNasabian P, Inglis JE, Reilly W, Kelly OJ, Ilich JZ. Aging human body: Changes in bone, muscle and body fat with consequent changes in nutrient intake. J Endocrinol. 2017;234(1):37-51.
7. Kim B, Kim S. Influences of resistance versus aerobic exercise on physiological and physical fitness changes in previously inactive men with obesity: A prospective, singleblinded randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:267-276.
8. Petridou A, Siop A, Mougios V. Exercise in the management of obesity. Metabolism. 2018;92:163-169.
9. Jakicic JM, Rogers RJ, Davis KK, Collins KA. Role of physical activity and exercise in treating patients with overweight and obesity. Clin Chem. 2017;64(1):99-107.
10. Looney SM, Raynor HA. Behavioral lifestyle intervention in the treatment of obesity. Health Serv Insights. 2013; 6:15-31.
11. Sword DO. Exercise as a management strategy for the overweight and obese. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 2012;34(5):47-55.
12. Bray GA, Heisel, WE, Afshin A, Jensen MD, Dietz WH, Long M, Kushner RF, Daniels SR, Wadden TA, Tsai AG, Hu FB, Jakicic JM, Ryan DH, Wolfe BM, Inge TH. The science of obesity management: An endocrine society scientific statement. Endocr Rev. 2018;39(2):79-132.
13. Tchernof A, Després JP. Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: An update, Physiol Rev. 2013;93(1):359-404.
14. Goossens GH. The metabolic phenotype in obesity: Fat mass, body fat distribution, and adipose tissue function. Obes Facts. 2017;10(3):207-215.
15. Stinkens R, Brouwers B, Jocken JW, Blaak EE, Teunissen- Beekman KF, Hesselink MKC, van Baak MA, Schrauwen P, Goossens GH. Exercise training-induced effects on the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue phenotype in obese humans. J Appl Physiol. 2018;125(5):1585-1593.
16. You T, Arsenis NC, Disanzo BL, Lamonte MJ. Effects of exercise training on chronic inflammation in obesity: Current evidence and potential mechanisms. Sports Med. 2013;43(4):243-256.
17. Ye J. Emerging role of adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity and insulin resistance. Int J Obes (Lond). 2009;33(1):54-66.
18. Ratamess NA, Alvar BA, Evetoch TK, Housh TJ, Kibler WB, Kraemer WJ. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults [ACSM position stand]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41(3): 687-708.
19. Roh HT, Cho SY, So WY. A cross-sectional study evaluating the effects of resistance exercise on inflammation and neurotrophic factors in elderly women with obesity. J Clin Med. 2020;9(3):842.
20. Özkan A, Köklü Y, Kayıhan G, Alemdaroğlu U, Ersöz G. Obezitenin önlenmesi ve tedavisinde fiziksel aktivite ve egzersizin rolü. Uluslararası Hakemli Akademik Spor ve Sağlık ve Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi. 2013;3(7):48-63.
21. Küçük Yetgin M. Obez bireyin egzersiz öncesi değerlendirilmesi ve egzersiz reçetelendirilmesi. Türk Diyab Obez. 2019;3(3):115-122.
22. Sigal RJ, Alberga AS, Goldfield GS, Prud’homme D, Hadjiyannakis S, Gougeon R, Phillips P, Tulloch H, Malcolm J, Doucette S, Wells GA, Ma J, Kenny GP. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on percentage body fat and cardiometabolic risk markers in obese adolescents: the healthy eating aerobic and resistance training in youth randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168(11):1006- 1014.
23. Bölükbaşı S. Yaşlı obezlerde egzersiz yaklaşımı ve etkileri.Türk J Diab Obes. 2020;1:54-59.
24. Zemková E, Kyselovičová O, Jeleň M, Kováčiková Z, Ollé G, Štefániková G, Vilman T, Baláž M, Kurdiová T, Ukropec J, Ukropcová B. Upper and lower body muscle power increases after 3-month resistance training in overweight and obese men. Am J Mens Health. 2016;11(6):1728-1738.
25. Chen HT, Chung YC, Chen YJ, Ho SY, Wu HJ. Effects of different types of exercise on body composition, muscle strength, and IGF-1 in the elderly with sarcopenic obesity. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65(4):827-832.
26. Willis LH, Slentz CA, Bateman LA, Shields AT, Piner LW, Bales CW, Houmard JA, Kraus WE. Effects of aerobic and/or resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight or obese adults. J Appl Physiol. 2012;113(12):1831-1837.
27. Kirk EP, Donnelly JE, Smith BK, Honas J, Lecheminant JD, Bailey BW, Jacobsen DJ, Washburn RA. Minimal resistance training improves daily energy expenditure and fat oxidation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(5):1122-1129.
28. Hunter GR, Wetzstein CJ, Fields DA, Brown A, Bamman MM. Resistance training increases total energy expenditure and free-living physical activity in older adults. J Appl Physiol. 2000;89(3):977-984.
29. Schmitz KH, Hannan PJ, Stovitz SD, Bryan CJ, Warren M, Jensen MD. Strength training and adiposity in premenopausal women: strong, healthy, and empowered study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86(3):566-572.
30. Olson TP, Dengel DR, Leon AS, Schmitz KH. Changes in inflammatory biomarkers following one-year of moderate resistance training in overweight women. Int J Obes. 2007;31(6):996-1003.
31. Davidson LE, Hudson R, Kilpatrick K, Kuk JL, McMillan K, Janiszewski PM, Lee SJ, Lam M, Ross R. Effects of exercise modality on insulin resistance and functional limitation in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Arch İntern Med. 2009;169(2):122-131.
32. Williams MA, Haskell WL, Ades PA, Amsterdam EA, Bittner V, Franklin BA, Gulanick M, Laing ST, Stewart KJ, American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology; American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease: 2007 update: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism. Circulation. 2007;116(5):572-584.
33. Strasser B, Schobersberger W. Evidence for resistance training as a treatment therapy in obesity. J Obes. 2011;2011:482564.
34. Ribeiro AS, Schoenfeld BJ, Pina FL, Souza MF, Nascimento MA, Santos L, et al. Resistance training in older women: Comparison of single vs. multiple sets on muscle strength and body composition. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2015;23:53-60.
35. Pina FLC, Nunes JP, Schoenfeld BJ, Nascimento MA, Gerage AM, Januário RSB, Carneiro NH, Cyrino ES, Oliveira AR. Effects of different weekly sets-equated resistance training frequencies on muscular strength, muscle mass, and body fat in older women. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(10):2990-2995.