COVID-19 Pandemisi ve Diabetes Mellitus
Coronavirüs ailesinden SARS-CoV-2’nin neden olduğu COVID-19 pandemisi, ilk olarak Çin’de görülen ve bulaşıcılık özelliği yüksek bir hastalıktır. Hastalığın mortalite ve morbiditesinde diyabet başta olmak üzere komorbid hastalıkların varlığı ve ileri yaş belirleyici olmaktadır. COVID-19 tarafından tetiklenen hücresel mekanizmalar ve diyabet patofizyolojisi, diyabetli bireyleri potansiyel organ hasarı ile sonuçlanacak bir sitokin fırtınasına daha duyarlı hale getirmektedir. COVID-19 ile infekte olmuş diyabetik hastalarda hastaneye başvuru, yatış oranları, şiddetli pnömoni gelişimi ve diğer komorbit hastalıklara göre daha yüksek mortalite oranlarının olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu risk, iyi glisemik kontrol ile tamamen ortadan kaldırılmasa da azaltılabilmektedir. Diyabetli hastalarda hem glisemik regülasyon hem de eşlik eden kalp hastalığı, hipertansiyon, obezite veya böbrek hastalığı gibi komorbid durumların stabilizasyonu sağlanmalıdır.
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2 of Coronaviruses types, is a highly infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, which first appeared in China. The presence of comorbid diseases, especially diabetes, and advanced age are determinant for the mortality and morbidity of the disease. Considering the cellular mechanisms triggered by COVID-19 and the pathophysiology of diabetes, make individuals with diabetes more susceptible to a cytokine storm with potential organ damage. Studies have reported that individuals with diabetes and who have been infected by COVID-19 showed higher admission rates to hospitals, development of severe pneumonia as well as higher mortality rates, when compared to those without comorbidities. This risk can be reduced, though not completely eliminated, by good glycemic control. In patients with diabetes, both glycemic regulation and stabilization of comorbid conditions such as concomitant heart disease, hypertension, obesity or kidney disease should be provided. Key Words: Pandemic, Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Diabetes mellitus
___
- 1. World Health Organization Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Situtiation Report -114. 13 May 2020, https://apps.who.int/
iris/handle/10665/332089. Erişim tarihi:25.05.2020.
- 2. Cuschieri S, Grech S. COVID-19 and diabetes: The why, the
what and the how. J Diabetes Complications. 2020;107637
- 3. Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, et al. Global and regional
diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for
2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes
Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
2019;157:107843.
- 4. Satman I, Omer B, Tutuncu Y, et al. Twelve-year trends in
the prevalence and risk factors of diabetes and prediabetes in
Turkish adults. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013;28(2):169‐180.
- 5. Maddaloni E, Buzzetti R. Covid-19 and diabetes mellitus:
unveiling the interaction of two pandemics. Diabetes Metab
Res Rev. 2020;e33213321.
- 6. Guo W, Li M, Dong Y, et al. Diabetes is a risk factor for the
progression and prognosis of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Res
Rev. 2020;e3319.
- 7. Yan Y, Yang Y, Wang F, et al. Clinical characteristics and
outcomes of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes. BMJ
Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8(1):e001343.
- 8. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics
of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med.
2020;382(18):1708‐1720.
- 9. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important
Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72314 Cases From
the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA.
2020;10.1001/jama.2020.2648. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648.
- 10. T.C. Saglık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü
COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 infeksiyonu) Rehberi, Bilim Kurulu
Çalışması. 14 Nisan 2020, Ankara.
- 11. Katulanda P, Dissanayake HA, Ranathunga I, et al. Prevention
and management of COVID-19 among patients with diabetes:
an appraisal of the literature. Diabetologia. 2020;1‐13.
- 12. Hussain A, Bhowmik B, do Vale Moreira NC. COVID-19
and diabetes: Knowledge in progress. Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
2020;162:108142.
- 13. Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, et al. Baseline
Characteristics and Outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected With
SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region,
Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1574‐1581.
- 14. Kumar A, Arora A, Sharma P, et al. Is diabetes mellitus
associated with mortality and severity of COVID-19? A metaanalysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):535‐545.
- 15. Fadini GP, Morieri ML, Longato E, Avogaro A. Prevalence
and impact of diabetes among people infected with SARSCoV-2. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(6):867‐869
- 16. Kornum JB, Thomsen RW, Riis A, Lervang HH, Schonheyder
HC, Sorensen HT. Type 2 diabetes and pneumonia
outcomes: a population-based cohort study. Diabetes Care
2007;30(9):2251–2257.
- 17. COVID-19 Pandemi diyabet izlem ve tedavi kriterleri uzlaşı
raporu. Türk Diyabet Vakfı, Mayıs 2020.
- 18. Pal R, Bhansali A. COVID-19, diabetes mellitus and ACE2: the
conundrum. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020;162:108132.
- 19. Yang JK, Lin SS, Ji XJ, Guo LM. Binding of SARS coronavirus
to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes. Acta
Diabetol 2009;47(3):193–199.
- 20. Drucker DJ. Coronavirus Infections and Type 2 DiabetesShared Pathways with Therapeutic Implications. Endocr Rev.
2020;41(3):bnaa011.
- 21. Hill MA, Mantzoros C, Sowers JR. Commentary: COVID-19
in patients with diabetes. Metabolism. 2020;107:154217.
- 22. Meo SA, Alhowikan AM,Al-Khlaiwi T,Meo IM,Halepoto DM,
Iqbal M, et al. Novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: prevalence,
biological and clinical characteristics comparison with
SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci.
2020;24(4):2012–9.
- 23. Yang JK1, Feng Y, Yuan MY, Yuan SY, Fu HJ, Wu BY, et al.
Plasma glucose levels and diabetes are independent predictors
for mortality and morbidity in patients with SARS. Diabet
Med 2006;23(6):623e8.
- 24. Schoen K, Horvat N, Guerreiro NFC, de Castro I, de Giassi KS.
Spectrum of clinical and radiographic findings in patients with
diagnosis of H1N1 and correlation with clinical severity. BMC
Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):964.
- 25. Song Z, Xu Y, Bao L, et al. From SARS to MERS, Thrusting
Coronaviruses into the Spotlight. Viruses. 2019;11(1):59.
- 26. Kassir R. Risk of COVID-19 for patients with obesity. Obes
Rev. 2020;21(6):e13034.
- 27. Kaye SM, Pietiläinen KH, Kotronen A, Joutsi-Korhonen L,
Kaprio J, Yki-Järvinen H,et al. Obesity-related derangements
of coagulation and fibrinolysis: a study of obesity- discordant
monozygotic twin pairs. Obesity 2012;20:88-94.
- 28. Cariou, B., Hadjadj, S., Wargny, M. et al. Phenotypic
characteristics and prognosis of inpatients with COVID-19
and diabetes: the CORONADO study. Diabetologia (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05180-x
- 29. Mukhtar S, Mukhtar S. Mental health and psychological
distress in people with diabetes during COVID-19. Metabolism
2020;108:154248.
- 30. Singh AK, Singh A, Shaikh A, Singh R, Misra A. Chloroquine
and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19
with or without diabetes: A systematic search and a narrative
review with a special reference to India and other developing
countries. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(3):241‐246.
- 31. Cansu DU, Korkmaz C. Hypoglycaemia induced by
hydroxychloroquine in a non-diabetic patient treated for RA.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47(3):378–379.
- 32. Amin S, Lux A, O’Callaghan F. The journey of metformin from
glycaemic control to mTOR inhibition and the suppression of
tumour growth. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019;85:37-46.
- 33. Plattner F, Bibb JA. Serine and threonine phosphorylation.
Basic Neurochem 2012:467-492
- 34. Carboni E, Carta AR, Carboni E. Can pioglitazone be
potentially useful therapeutically. in treating patients with
COVID-19? Med Hypotheses 2020;140:109776.
- 35. Gorricho J, Garj_on J, Alonso A, Celaya MC, et al. Use of
oral antidiabetic agents and risk of community-acquired
pneumonia: a nested case-control study. Br J Clin Pharmacol
2017;83(9):2034-44.
- 36. Raj VS, Mou H, Smits SL, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a
functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirusEMC. Nature 2013;495:251–254
- 37. Reinhold D, Biton A, Goihl A, et al. Dual inhibition of dipeptidyl
petidase IV and aminopeptidase N suppresses inflammatory
immune responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1110:402-9.
- 38. Bloomgarden ZT. Diabetes and COVID-19.Diabetes 2020:347-
348
- 39. Iacobellis G. COVID-19 and diabetes: Can DPP4 inhibition
play a role?. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;162:108125.
- 40. Bloodworth MH, Rusznak M, Pfister CC, et al. Glucagon-like
peptide 1 receptor signaling attenuates respiratory syncytial
virus-induced type 2 responses and immunopathology. J
Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;142(2):683‐687.e12.
- 41. Toki S, Goleniewska K, Reiss S, et al. Glucagon-like peptide
1 signaling inhibits allergen-induced lung IL-33 release and
reduces group 2 innate lymphoid cell cytokine production in
vivo. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;142(5):1515‐1528.e8.
- 42. Bornstein SR, Rubino F, Khunti K, et al. Practical
recommendations for the management of diabetes in
patients with COVID-19. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.
2020;8(6):546‐550.
- 43. Gajjar K, Luthra P. Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis in the
Setting of SGLT2 Inhibitor Use and Hypertriglyceridemia:
A Case Report and Review of Literature. Cureus.
2019;11(4):e4384.
- 44. Henry C, Zaizafoun M, Stock E, et al. Impact of angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors and statins on viral pneumonia.
Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2018 Oct 26;31(4):419-423.
- 45. Kar P, Jones KL, Horowitz M, et al. Management of critically
ill patients with type 2 diabetes: The need for personalised
therapy. World J Diabetes. 2015;6(5):693-706.
- 46. Wang W, Lu J, Gu W, et al. Care for diabetes with COVID-19:
Advice from China. J Diabetes. 2020;12(5):417-419.
- 47. Gupta R, Ghosh A, Singh AK, MisraA. Clinical considerations
for diabetes in times of COVID-19 epidemic. Diabetes Metab
Syndr. 2020;14(3):211-212.
- 48. Deng SQ, Peng HJ. Characteristics of and Public Health
Responses to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak in
China. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 575
- 49. Bode B, Garrett V, Messler J, et al. Glycemic Characteristics and
Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized in the
United States. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020;1932296820924469.
- 50. Peric S, Stulnig TM. Diabetes and COVID-19: DiseaseManagement-People. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2020;1‐6.
- 51. Chee YJ, Ng SJH, Yeoh E. Diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by
Covid-19 in a patient with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;164:108166.
- 52. Li J, Wang X, Chen J, Zuo X, Zhang H, Deng A. COVID-19
infection may cause ketosis and ketoacidosis. Diabetes Obes
Metab. 2020;10.1111/dom.14057. doi:10.1111/dom.14057
- 53. Bornstein SR, Dalan R, Hopkins D, Mingrone G, Boehm BO.
Endocrine and metabolic link to coronavirus infection. Nat
Rev Endocrinol. 2020;16(6):297‐298.