Sibel UYGUR, Lincoln SMITH, F. Nezihi UYGUR

The e ffects of s eed f eeding i nsects on s eed p roduction of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) in Adana province in s outhern Turkey

Özet: Sarı Peygamber D ikeni (Centaurea solstitialis L., Asteraceae), Türkiyenin deiçerisinde bulunduğu Avrasyaya özgün bir bitki olup, Amerika Birleşik Devletlerininbatısında da istilacı bir yabancı ottur. Bu bitki Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinde kapitula (çiçek başcıkları) böcekleri ile biyolojik mücadelede hedef yabancı ot olup, Türkiyedekiböceklerin durumları hakkında çok az şey bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada iki yıl boyuncaTürkiyenin güneyindeki Adana ilinin üç farklı bölgesini temsil eden yedi örnekleme noktasından kapitulalar (çiçek başcıkları) toplanmıştır. Bulaşık olmayan her birkapituladaki ortalama sağlıklı tohum sayısı, kapitula çapı ile ilişkili olup, 10 ile 56 arasındadeğişmektedir. Genel olarak, böcek bulaşıklığı, kapituladaki sağlıklı tohum sayısıazaltmaktadır. Bulaşık olmayan bir kapituladaki sağlıklı ortalama tohum sayısı 34,7 ikenbulaşık bir kapituladaki ortalama sağlıklı tohum sayısı 16,8 olup, % 52lik azalma sözkonusudur. Ancak azalış aynı zamanda kapitula büyüklüğüne de bağlıdır. Kapitulalarböcekler tarafından % 5- 55 oranında bulaşmaktadır. Bu oran Kaliforniyada uzun zamandırgözlenen üç bölgenin değerleri ile kıyaslandığında daha azdır ( % 49 ila 89 arası). Çalışmaalanlarında parazitoidler % 25 oranında gal oluşturan böcekleri, % 4 oranında galoluşturmayan böcekleri tercih etmekte iken Kaliforniyada hemen hemen parazitizmyoktur. En yaygın böcekler tanılanmamış bir mordellid ve iki adet gal oluşturan türdür. Buiki tür; Urophora sirunaseva (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae) ve Isocolus scabiosae( Giraud) (Hymnenoptera: Cynipidae)dir. Diğer tohum böcekleri daha az yaygın olan Oxycarenus pallens (Herrich- Schäffer) (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae), Bangasternusorientalis (Capiomont), Eustenopus villosus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), veTerellia uncinata White (Diptera: Tephritidae) dir. Yoğun olarak bulunan herbivorlarınbazıları, Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinde olası doğal düşman olarak değerlendirilebileceğigibi, Türkiyede de k itle üretimi yöntemi veya koruma yöntemi kullanılarak SarıPeygamber Dikeninin biyolojik mücadelesinde düşünülebilir.

Adana (Türkiye) ilindeki Sarı p eygamber dikeni (Centaurea solstitialis L.) nin tohum üretimi üzerine tohumla beslenen böceklerin etkinliği

Abstract: Yellow starthistle ( Centaurea solstitialis L., Asteraceae) is native to Eurasia,including Turkey, but is an invasive rangeland weed in the western United States.Although this plant has been targeted for biological control in the USA using insects thatattack capitula (flower heads), little is known about attack rates in Turkey. We sampledcapitula at seven sites representing three different regions in Adana Province in southernTurkey during two years. The mean number of viable seeds per uninfested capitulum wasrelated to capitulum diameter and ranged from 10 to 56. Overall, insect infestation reducedmean per capitulum production of viable seeds from 34.7 in uninfested capitula to 16.8 ininfested capitula (52% reduction), but the reduction per capitulum was also a function ofcapitulum size. The proportion of capitula infested by insects ranged from 5 to 55%, whichwas lower than rates of infestation previously observed at three long- term study sites inCalifornia (49 to 89%). Parasitoids attacked 25% of galls and 4% of non-galling insects,whereas almost no parasitism has been observed in California. The most common insectsincluded an unidentified mordellid and two gall- forming species: Urophora sirunaseva (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Isocolus scabiosae (Giraud) (Hymenoptera:Cynipidae). Other seed- feeding species that were less widely distributed includedOxycarenus pallens (Herrich- Schäffer) (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae), Bangasternusorientalis (Capiomont), Eustenopus villosus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), andTerellia uncinata White (Diptera: Tephritidae). Some of the more abundant herbivorousspecies should be evaluated as prospective biological control agents for the United States,whereas augmentation or conservation of some species should be considered to improvecontrol of yellow starthistle in Turkey

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