Morphological and histological effects of copper sulfate on the larval development of green toad, Bufo viridis

Declines in populations of amphibians have been occurring more dramatically over the past 25 years. The declines have various causes. One of the possible causes of amphibian declines is pesticides. Copper sulfate is commonly used as a fungicide in vineyards and gardens in Turkey. In this study, our purpose was to explain the morphologically and histologically acute toxic effects of copper sulfate on Bufo viridis tadpoles. B. viridis tadpoles at Gosner stage 21 were exposed to different concentrations (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/L) of copper sulfate for 120 h. The LC50 value of copper sulfate was calculated as 0.058 mg/L. Morphological measurements indicated that copper sulfate concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 mg/L caused poor larval development and growth. Edema was observed in the histological sections, especially on the cross-sections passing from the head (>=0.01 mg/L CuSO4). Furthermore, hepatocellular degeneration in the liver, deformation of gastrointestinal epithelial cells, and deformation and anomalies in somite formations were all observed (>=0.01 mg/L CuSO4). Reduced reaction to stimuli, loss of equilibrium, and shortening of swimming distance were observed in the tadpoles of the 0.05 and 0.1 mg/L CuSO4 treatment groups.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Key words: Amphibian, Bufo viridis, copper sulfate, tadpole, development

Morphological and histological effects of copper sulfate on the larval development of green toad, Bufo viridis

Keywords:

Key words: Amphibian, Bufo viridis, copper sulfate, tadpole, development,

PDF

___

Başoğlu, M., Özeti, N. and Yılmaz, İ. 1994. Türkiye Amfi bileri. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi, İzmir.
Beebee, T.J.C. and Griffi ths, R.A. 2005. Th e amphibian decline crisis: a watershed for conservation biology? Biol. Cons. 125: 271-285.
Bernabo, I., Brunelli, E., Berg, C., Bonacci, A. and Tripepi, S. 2008. Endosulfan acute toxicity in Bufo bufo gills: ultrastructural changes and nitric oxide synthase localization. Aquat. Toxicol. 86: 447-456.
Collins, J.P. and Storfer, A. 2003. Global amphibian declines: sorting the hypotheses. Diversity and Distributions 9: 89-98.
Davidson, C. 2004. Declining downwind: amphibian population declines in California and historical pesticide use. Ecol. Appl. 14: 1892-1902.
Davidson, C., Shaff er, H.B. and Jennings, M.R. 2001. Declines of the California red-legged frog: climate, UV-B, habitat, and pesticides hypotheses. Ecol. Appl. 11: 464-479.
Extoxnet. 1996. Rotenone Pesticide Information Profi le. Extension Toxicology Network. Available at http://extoxnet.orst.edu/ pips/rotenone.htm.
Ezemonye, L.I.N. and Ilechie, I. 2007. Acute and chronic eff ects of organophosphate pesticides (Basudin) to amphibian tadpoles. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 6: 1554-1558.
Fort, D.J. and Stover, E.L. 1996. Eff ect of low-level copper and pentachlorophenol exposure on various early life stages of Xenopus laevis. In: Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Biomarkers and Risk Assessment (Eds. D.A. Bengston and D.S. Henshel), 5th ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 188-203.
Garcia-Munoz, E., Guerrero, F. and Parra, G. 2009. Eff ects of copper sulfate on growth, development and escape behavior in Epidalea calamita embryos and larvae. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 56: 557-565.
Gosner, K.L. 1960. A simplifi ed table for stating anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identifi cation. Herpetologica 16: 183-190.
IUCN, 2008. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Available at http://www. iucnredlist.org/static/categories_criteria.
Johansson, M., Piha, H., Kylin, H. and Merila, J. 2006. Toxicology of six pesticides to common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12: 3164-3170.
Kang, H.S., Gye, M.C. and Kim, M.K. 2008. Eff ects of endosulfan on survival and development of Bombina orientalis (Boulenger) embryos. Bull. Environ.Contam. Toxicol. 81: 262-265.
Khangarot, B.S. and Ray, P.K. 1987. Sensitivity of toad tadpoles, Bufo melanostictus (Schenider), to heavy metals. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 38: 523-527.
Kinzelbach, R. and Kasparek, M. 1992. Amphibia and Reptilia. Zool. Middle East 3: 27.
Lips, K.R. 1998. Decline of a tropical montane amphibian fauna. Conserv. Biol. 12: 106-117.
Marco, A. and Blaustein, A.R. 1999. Th e eff ects of nitrite on behavior and metamorphosis in Cascades frogs (Rana cascadae). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18: 946-949.
Murphy, J.E., Phillips, C.A. and Beasley, V.R. 2000. Aspects of amphibian ecology. In: Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles. (Eds. D.W. Sparling, G. Linder and C.A. Bishop), SETAC Press, Pensacola, Florida, pp. 141-178.
Nebeker, A.V. and Schuytema, G.S. 2000. Eff ects of ammonium sulfate on growth of larval northwestern salamanders, red- legged and Pacifi c treefrog tadpoles, and juvenile fathead minnows. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 64: 271-278.
Osano, O., Admiraal, W. and Otieno, D. 2002. Developmental disorders in embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis induced by chloroacetanilide herbicides and their degradation products. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21: 375-379.
Öğüt, S. and Küçüköner, E. 2008. Isparta ve çevresinde kullanılan önemli tarım ilaçları (Pestisitler). In: Proceedings of the 10th Food Congress of Turkey, Erzurum, pp. 1095-1098.
Porter, K.R. and Hakanson, D.E. 1976. Toxicity of mine drainage to embryonic and larval boreal toads (Bufonidae: Bufo boreas). Copeia 2: 327-331.
Rowe, C.L., Hopkins, W.A., Bridges, C. 2003. Physiological ecology of amphibians in relation to susceptibility to natural and anthropogenic factors. In: Amphibian Decline: An Integrated Analysis of Multiple Stressor Eff ects (Eds. G. Linder, S. Krest and D.W. Sparling), SETAC Press, Pensacola, Florida, pp. 9-58.
Sayım, F. 2007. Acute toxic eff ects of malathion on the 21st stage larvae of the marsh frog. Turk. J. Zool. 32: 99-106.
Sayım, F. and Kaya, U. 2006. Eff ects of dimethoate on tree frog (Hyla arborea) larvae. Turk. J. Zool. 30: 261-266.
Sparling, D.W., Fellers, G.M. and McConnell, L.L. 2001. Pesticides and amphibian population declines in California, USA. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20: 1591-1595.
Sparling, D.W. and Fellers, G. 2007. Comparative toxicity of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion and their oxon derivatives to larval Rana boylii. Environ. Pollut. 147: 535-539.
Tyler, M.J. 1994. Australian Frogs: A Natural History. Reed Books, Chatswood.
Van Dam, R.A., Camilleri, C. and Finlayson, C.M. 1998. Th e potential of rapid assessment techniques as early warming indicators of wetland degradation: a review. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 13: 297-312.
Widder, P.D. and Bidwell, J.R. 2008. Tadpole size, cholinesterase activity, and swim speed in four frog species aft er exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos. Aquat. Toxicol. 88: 9-18.
Wyman, R.L. 1990. What’s happening to the amphibians? Conserv. Biol. 4: 350-352.