Balık üretim işletmeleri,yem fabrikaları ve yurtdışı kaynaklı bazı balık yemlerinde aflatoksin düzeyleri

Farklı kaynaklardan sağlanan balık yemlerinde, insan ve hayvanlar için toksik metabolitler olan aflatoksin düzeylerini belirlemek amacı ile aflatoksin analizleri yapıldı. Çalışmalarda, 1998, 1999, 2000 yıllarında balık üretim işletmeleri, yem fabrikaları ve yurtdışı kaynaklı yemlerden oluşan 85 adet örnek kullanıldı. Analizlerde ince tabaka kromatografisi ve Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) tekniği kullanıldı. Analizler sonucunda, 85 adet örnekten 20 adet yem örneğinde, 21,2 - 42,4 ppb aralığında total aflatoksin tespit edildi. 22 adet örnekte 5,0 - 20,0 ppb aralığında total aflatoksin tespit edilirken, 43 adet örnekte tespit edilebilir düzeyde aflatoksin'e rastlanmadı. 20 ppb'nin üstünde total aflatoksin tespit edilen örneklerde aflatoksin Bl analizleri yapıldı. Total aflatoksin miktarının tamamına yakınının 18,4 - 42,4 ppm aralığında bulunan Aflatoksin Bl'den oluştuğu gözlendi. Yem türlerine göre aflatoksin kalıntısı dağılımında istatistik! olarak önemli bir fark görülmedi. Ancak balık üretim işletmelerinden sağlanan yemlerde aflatoksin düzeyleri, fabrika kaynaklı ve yurtdışı kaynaklı yemlere göre daha yüksek bulundu.

Level of aflatoxsin in some fish feeds from fish farming processes, feed factories and imported feeds

Level of Aflatoxin in Some Fish Feeds from Fish Farming Processes, Feed Factories and Imported Feeds Abstract: Aflatoxins that are toxic metabolites for human and animals were determined in some fish feed. Eighty-five unit samples taken from "fish farming processes", "feed factories" and "imported feeds" in 1998, 1999 and 2000 were analyzed. In the analysis, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique were used. Consequently, aflatoxin levels above 20 ppb were detected in 20 samples and from 21.2 to 42.4 ppb in 85 samples. In 22 samples aflatoxin levels from 5.0 to 20.0 ppb were detected. Aflatoxin Bl analysis was performed on all samples with aflatoxin levels of more than 20 ppb. Most aflatoxin consists of Aflatoxin B1 (18.4 - 42.4 ppm). Aflatoxin was found below detection limits in 43 samples. The effect of feed types on aflatoxin distribution was not statistically significant. However, levels of aflatoxin were higher in samples that were taken from fish farming processes than from factory or imported feed samples.

PDF

___

1. Bullerman, L.B.: Significance of Mycotoxins to Food Safety and Human Health. J. Food Protec. 1979; 42: 65-86.
2. Scott, P.M.: Mycotoxins in Feeds and Ingredients and their Origin. .J. Food Protec. 1978; 5: 385-398.
3. Betina, V.: Mycotoxins, Mycotoxins Chemical Biological and Environmental Aspects, Amsterdam-Oxford-New York-Tokyo, Elsevier, 1989, 437.
4. Howell,-;M.V.:- Moulds and Mycotoxins in Animal Feedstuffs, In The Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. Ed. Haresing, W., Mansell Bookbinders Ltd.-1982; Vol. 1, p.20.
5. Clarke, M.L, Harvey, D.G., Humpreys, D.J.: Mycotoxins. Vet. Toxicol. 1985; 8: 265-280.
6. Wyllie, T.D., Morehouse, L.G.: Mycotoxic Fungal. Mycotoxicoses (An Encyclopedic Handbook). Mycotoxic Fungi and Chemistry of Mycotoxins. Marcel Dekker. Inc. New York 1977; 121.
7. Towers, R.N.: Mycotoxins in Nutrition, Proc. Nutr. Soc. Aust. 1979; 4: 72-79.
8. Tuite, J.F., Haugh, C.G., Fsacs, G.W., Huxoll, C.L.: Growth and Effect of Moulds in Stored High Moisture Corn. Transactions of theASAE. 1987; 6: 730-732.
9. Kaya, S.: Aflatoksinler ve Diğer Mikotoksinler, Türk Vet. Hek. Derg. 1989; 2: 12-16.
10. Smith, J.E., Hacking, A.: Fungal Toxicity, (In: The Filamentous Fungi. Eds. Smith, J.E., Berry, D.R., Kristlansen, A.) Edward Arnold Ltd. London, 1983; 238-265.
11. Takeda, Y., Isohata, E., Amona, R. Uchiyama, M.: Simultaneous Extraction and Fraction Thin Layer Chromatographi Determination of 14 Mycotoxins in Grains, Assoc. Anal. Chem. 1979; 62: 573-577.
12. Şanlı, Y., Ceylan, S., Kaya, S.: Karma Yemlerde Aflatoksin. Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg. 1982; 2: 29-70.
13. Ciegler, A.: Mycotoxins Occurance, Chemistry, Biol.. Activity. 1989:38:21.
14. Betina, V.: Bioactive Molecule, Biological and Enviromental Aspects. Elsevier Amsterdam. 1989; 9: 436-437.
15. Black, J.J., P.C. Baumann.: Carcinogens and Cancers in Freshwater Fishes. Environ. Hlth. Perspect. 1991; 90: 27-33.
16. Smith, J.E.: Aflatoxins: Fungal Toxicant. In: Handbook of Plant and Fungal Toxicants. D'Mello, J.P.F. (Ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1997; pp.269-285.
17. Bullerman, L.B.: Mycotoxins and Food Safety: Food Tech. 1986; 40: 59-66.
18. Halver, J.E.: Fish Nutrition. Academic Press: San Diego. 1989.
19. AOAC. Official Method of the Ass-of-Offic. Agr. Chemist. AOAC. 1980; 3: 414-428.
20. Yu, W., Chu, F.S M.: Aflatoxins. Agric. Food Chem. 1998.; 46: 1012-1017
21. Halil, A.H.K., Abdalla, A.N.A., Soliman, M.K.: Toxicity of Aflatoxin Bl in Tilapia and Common Carp. The IFT Annual Meeting, Egypt 1999.
22. Scott, P.M., Truckess, M.W.: Application of Immunoaffinity Columns to Mycotoxin Analysis. J. AOAC Internat. 1997; 80:941-947.
23. ZMAE. Fındık, Antep Fıstığı ve Yer Fıstığı Mahsullerinde Aflatoksin Oluşturan Etmenler ve Oluşumu Etkileyen Faktörler İle Buna Karşı Alınacak Koruma Tedbirlerinin Tespiti Üzerine Araştırmalar. Zirai Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları. Teknik Bülten 1978; No:ll. 154.
24. Jelinek, C.F.: Distribution of Mycotoxins an Analysis of Worldwide Commeditiens Data. Including Data from FA0/WH0/UNEP. Food Contamination Monitoring Programme. Rome, 1987.
25. Converse, H.H., Saver, B.D., Hodges, T.O.: Aeration of High Moisture Corn. Transactions of the ASAE 1983; 16: 696-699.
26. Michail B., Farm-Made Aquafeeds, Fisheries Technical Paper, FAO, Rome. 1995; 339.