Retrospective evaluation of laboratory-confirmed and recovered cases of influenza A(H1N1)v
To retrospectively evaluate patients that were diagnosed with H1N1 and recovered from the disease in the initial period of an influenza A(H1N1)v epidemic in the province of Diyarbakir. It is estimated that 34-67 million individuals around the world have been infected by influenza A(H1N1)v, that 154,000-303,000 individuals have been hospitalized, and that 7000-13,000 individuals have lost their lives. Materials and methods: We were able to include 250 of 362 cases (69.0%) of confirmed influenza A(H1N1)v, from which the patients recovered, from the samples received between 19 October and 3 December 2009 after a pandemic alarm was given in the province of Diyarbakır. Patients with laboratory-confirmed cases were reached by telephone 15 days after the onset of influenza symptoms. Results: In terms of demographics, 44.8% of patients were between the ages of 0-14, 51.6% were male, and 44.0% were students. In 77.6% of the cases, fever was observed, while 53.2% had coughs and 18.4% had vomiting problems. It was determined that patients older than 45 years old, pregnant women, and individuals with chronic diseases were hospitalized more frequently than the young, nonpregnant women, and individuals without a chronic disease. The secondary attack rate within the clinic was 24.6%. Conclusion: Children and individuals with chronic diseases are important risk groups. It is believed that precautions such as hand-washing, limiting visits, and ensuring proper ventilation within houses will reduce in-house infectivity and the secondary attack rate.
Retrospective evaluation of laboratory-confirmed and recovered cases of influenza A(H1N1)v
To retrospectively evaluate patients that were diagnosed with H1N1 and recovered from the disease in the initial period of an influenza A(H1N1)v epidemic in the province of Diyarbakir. It is estimated that 34-67 million individuals around the world have been infected by influenza A(H1N1)v, that 154,000-303,000 individuals have been hospitalized, and that 7000-13,000 individuals have lost their lives. Materials and methods: We were able to include 250 of 362 cases (69.0%) of confirmed influenza A(H1N1)v, from which the patients recovered, from the samples received between 19 October and 3 December 2009 after a pandemic alarm was given in the province of Diyarbakır. Patients with laboratory-confirmed cases were reached by telephone 15 days after the onset of influenza symptoms. Results: In terms of demographics, 44.8% of patients were between the ages of 0-14, 51.6% were male, and 44.0% were students. In 77.6% of the cases, fever was observed, while 53.2% had coughs and 18.4% had vomiting problems. It was determined that patients older than 45 years old, pregnant women, and individuals with chronic diseases were hospitalized more frequently than the young, nonpregnant women, and individuals without a chronic disease. The secondary attack rate within the clinic was 24.6%. Conclusion: Children and individuals with chronic diseases are important risk groups. It is believed that precautions such as hand-washing, limiting visits, and ensuring proper ventilation within houses will reduce in-house infectivity and the secondary attack rate.
___
- Yu H, Zhou YJ, Li GX, Zhang GH, Liu HL, Yan LP et al. Further evidence for infection of pigs with human-like H1N1 infl uenza viruses in China. Virus Research 2009; 140: 85-90.
- CDC. Swine infl uenza A(H1N1) infection in two children - Southern California, March-April 2009. MMWR 2009; 58: 400-2.
- Garten RJ, Davis CT, Russel CA. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) infl uenza viruses circulating in humans. Science 2009; 325: 197-201.
- Trifonov V, Khiabanian H, Rabadan R. Geographic dependence, surveillance, and origins of the 2009 infl uenza A(H1N1) virus. N Eng J Med 2009; 361: 115-19.
- Fitzgerald DA. Human swine infl uenza A (H1N1): Practical advice for clinicians early in the pandemic. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2009; 10: 154-58.
- CDC. Novel H1N1 fl u situation update July 10, 2009. 2009. http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1fl u/updates/071009.htm (Accessed July 22, 2009).
- CDC. Novel H1N1 fl u situation update June 12, 2009. 2009. http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1fl u/updates/061209.htm (Accessed July 22, 2009).
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Pandemic H1N1 2009 risk assessment. http://www.ecdc. europa.eu/en/healthtopics/documents/0908_influenza_ ah1n1_risk_assessment.pdf (Accessed November 6, 2009).
- Statement to the press by WHO Director General Dr. Margaret Chan, http://www.who.int/media-centre/news/ statements/2009/h1n1-pandemic-qhases6-20090611/en/ indew.html (Accessed December 12, 2009).
- White LF, Walling J, Finelli L, Reed C, Riley S, Lipsitch M et al. Estimation of the reproductive number and the serial interval in early phase of the 2009 infl uenza A/H1N1 pandemic in the USA. Infl uenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 2009; 3: 267-76.
- CDC estimates of 2009 H1N1 infl uenza cases, hospitalizations and deaths in the United States, April-November 14, 2009. http://cdc.gov/h1n1fl u/estimates_2009_h1n1.htm (Accessed January 04, 2010).
- Wiwanitkit V. Finding a new drug and vaccine for emerging swine fl u: What is the concept? Biologics: Targets & Th erapy 2009; 3: 377-83.
- Cheng PKC, Wong KKY, Mak GC, Wong AH, Ng AYY, Chow SYK et al. Performance of laboratory diagnostics for the detection of infl uenza A(H1N1)v virus as correlated with the time aft er symptom onset and viral load. Journal of Clinical Virology 2010; 47: 182-85.
- Echevarria-Zuno S, Mejia-Arangure JM, Mar-Obeso AJ, Grajales-Muniz C, Robles-Perez E, Gonzalez-León M et al. Infection and death from infl uenza A H1N1 virus in Mexico: a retrospective analysis. Lancet 2009; 374: 2072-9.
- Garske T, Legrand J, Donnelly CA, Ward H, Cauchemez S, Fraser C et al. Assessing the severity of the novel infl uenza A/ H1N1 pandemic. BMJ 2009; 339: b2840.
- Novel Swin e Origin Infl uenza A (H1N1) Virus Investigation Team. Emergence of a novel swine origin infl uenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 2605-15.
- Burns SM. H1N1 infl uenza is here. Journal of Hospital Infection 2009; 73: 200-2.
- Jamieson DJ, Honein MA, Rasmussen SA, Williams JL, Swerdlow DL, Biggerstaff MS et al. H1N1 2009 infl uenza virus infection during pregnancy in the USA. Lancet 2009; 374: 451- 8.
- Vaillant L, La Ruche G, Tarantola A, Barboza P. Epidemiology of fatal cases associated with pandemic H1N1 infl uenza 2009. Eurosurveillance 2009; 14: 1-6.
- Pandemik (H1N1) 2009 gribi klinik vaka yönetimi, http:// www.grip.gov.tr/images/stories/pdf/vakayonetimirehber.pdf (Accessed December 30, 2009).
- Castro-Jimenez MA, Castillo-Pabón JO, Rey-Benito GJ, Pulido- Dominguez PA, Barbosa-Ramirez J, Velandia-Rodriguez DA et al. Epidemiologic analysis of the laboratory-confi rmed cases of infl uenza A(H1N1)v in Colombia. Eurosurveillance 2009; 14: 1-3.
- Koliou M, Soteriades ES, Toumasi MM, Demosthenous A, Hadjidemetriou A. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of infl uenza A(H1N1)v infection in children: Th e fi rst 45 cases in Cyprus, June-August 2009. Eurosurveillance 2009; 14: 1-3.
- Mangtani P, Mak TK, Pfeifer D. Pandemic H1 N1 infection in pregnant women in the USA. Lancet 2009; 374: 429-430.
- Jain S, Kamimoto L, Bramley AM, Schmitz AM, Benoit SR, Louie J et al. Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 infl uenza in the United States, April-June 2009. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1935-44.
- Butler D. Swine fl u attention turns to the tropics. Nature 2009; 459: 490-1.
- Yang Y, Sugimoto JD, Halloran ME, Basta NE, Chao DL, Matrajt L et al. Th e transmissibility and control of pandemic infl uenza A (H1N1) virus. Science 2009; 326: 728-33.