Primary mucosal desmoplastic melanoma of the gingiva
Desmoplastic melanoma (DM) is a very rare variant of malignant melanoma. Mucosal involvement in DM is exceedingly rare and the differential diagnosis is problematic for surgical pathologists. To the best of our knowledge only 16 cases of DM originating from mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity have been described in the literature. Herein we describe a 59-year-old male with primary DM of the oral mucosa and discuss the status of p53, caspase-3, and FasL (Fas ligand) in the pathogenesis of this rare disease.
Primary mucosal desmoplastic melanoma of the gingiva
Desmoplastic melanoma (DM) is a very rare variant of malignant melanoma. Mucosal involvement in DM is exceedingly rare and the differential diagnosis is problematic for surgical pathologists. To the best of our knowledge only 16 cases of DM originating from mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity have been described in the literature. Herein we describe a 59-year-old male with primary DM of the oral mucosa and discuss the status of p53, caspase-3, and FasL (Fas ligand) in the pathogenesis of this rare disease.
___
- 1. Conley J, Lattes R, Orr W. Desmoplastic malignant melanoma: a rare variant of spindle cell melanoma. Cancer 1971; 28: 914-36.
- 2. Sagebiel RW. Unusual variants of melanoma: fact or fiction? Semin Oncol 1996; 23: 703-8.
- 3. Prasad ML, Patel SG, Busam KJ. Primary mucosal desmoplastic melanoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 2004; 26: 373-7.
- 4. Batsakis JG, Bauer R, Regezi JA, Campbell T. Desmoplastic melanoma of the maxillary alveolus. J Oral Surg 1979; 37: 107- 9.
- 5. Jain S, Allen PW. Desmoplastic malignant melanoma and its variants. A study of 45 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1989; 13: 358-73.
- 6. Saku T, Takahashi H, Okabe H, Tsuda N, Okumura H, Sasaki M. Oral amelanotic melanoma; report of a case with desmoplastic changes at the site of lymph node metastasis. Gan No Rinsho 1983; 29: 424-32.
- 7. Chen JH, Meng CL, Chao LS, Tu CN, Shyu KW. Desmoplastic amelanotic melanoma of palate: a case report with immunohistochemistry and electron microscopic studies. Zhonghua Ya Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi 1989; 8: 80-9.
- 8. Kurihara K, Sanada E, Yasuda S, Yamasaki H. Desmoplastic malignant melanoma of the gingival. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992; 74: 201-5.
- 9. Ueta E, Miki T, Osaki T, Iwata J, Sonobe H. Desmoplastic malignant melanoma of the gingiva: case report and review of the literature. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol 1996; 32B: 423-7.
- 10. Kilpatrick SE, White WL, Browne JD. Desmoplastic malignant melanoma of the oral mucosa. An underrecognized diagnostic pitfall. Cancer 1996; 78: 383-9.
- 11. Madrigal B, Fresno MF, Junquera L, Veiga M, Ablanedo P, Herrero A. De novo desmoplastic neurotropic melanoma of the lower lip: a neoplasm with ominous behavior. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998; 86: 452-6.
- 12. Kavanagh BD, Campbell RL, Patterson JW, O’Neill RL, Cardinale RM, Kaugars GE. Desmoplastic malignant melanomas of the palatal alveolar mucosa: sustained diseasefree survival after surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000; 89: 465-70.
- 13. DiMaio SM, Mackay B, Smith JL, Dickersin GR. Neurosarcomatous transformation in malignant melanoma: an ultrastructural study. Cancer 1982; 50: 2345-54.
- 14. From L, Hanna W, Kahn HJ, Gruss J, Marks A, Baumal R. Origin of the desmoplasia in desmoplastic malignant melanoma. Hum Pathol 1983; 14: 1072-80.
- 15. Bruijn JA, Mihm MC Jr, Barnhill RL. Desmoplastic melanoma. Histopathology 1992; 20: 197-205.
- 16. Reed RJ, Leonard DD. Neurotropic melanoma: a variant of desmoplastic melanoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1979; 3: 301-11.
- 17. Walsh NM, Roberts JT, Orr W, Simon GT. Desmoplastic malignant melanoma: A clinicopathologic study of 14 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1988; 112: 922-7.
- 18. Reiman HM, Goellner JR, Woods JE, Mixter RC. Desmoplastic melanoma of the head and neck. Cancer 1987; 60: 2269-74.
- 19. Anstey A, McKee P, Jones EW. Desmoplastic malignant melanoma: A clinicopathologic study of 25 cases. Br J Dermatol 1993; 129: 359-71.
- 20. Smithers BM, McLeod GR, Little JH. Desmoplastic, neural transforming and neurotropic melanoma: a review of 45 cases. Aust NZ J Surg 1990; 60: 967-72.
- 21. Ghosh BC, Ghosh L, Huvos AG, Fortner JG. Malignant schwannoma: A clinicopathologic study. Cancer 1973; 31: 184-90.
- 22. Nance KV, Park HK, Silverman JF. Fine needle aspiration cytology of desmoplastic malignant melanoma: a case report. Acta Cytol 1991; 35: 765-9.
- 23. Chhieng DC, Cangiarella JF, Waisman J, Cohen JM. Fine needle aspiration cytology of desmoplastic malignant melanoma metastatic to the parotid gland; case report and review of the literature. Diagn Cytopathol 2000; 22: 97-100.
- 24. Smithers BM, McLeod GR, Little JH. Desmoplastic melanoma: patterns of recurrence. World J Surg 1992; 16: 186-90.
- 25. Prasad ML, Patel S, Hoshaw-Woodard S, Escrig M, Shah JP, Huvos AG, et al. Prognostic factors for malignant melanoma of the squamous mucosa of the head and neck. Am J Surg Pathol 2002; 26: 883-92.
- 26. Patel SG, Prasad ML, Escrig M, Singh B, Shaha AR, Kraus DH et al. Primary mucosal malignant melanoma of the head and neck. Head Neck, 2002; 24: 247-57.
- 27. Ragnarsson-Olding BK, Karsberg S, Platz A, Ringborg UK. Mutations in the TP53 gene in human malignant melanomas derived from sun-exposed skin and unexposed mucosal membranes. Melanoma Res 2002; 12: 453-63.
- 28. Prasad ML, Patel S, Shah JP, Huvos AG, Busam KJ. Expression and prognostic significance of cell cycle and apoptosis related proteins p53, p16 INK4A and bcl-2 in primary mucosal melanomas of the head and neck. Mod Pathol 2002; 15: 223A.
- 29. Miura T, Chiba M, Kasai K, Nozaka H, Nakamura T, Shoji T et al. Apple procyanidins induce tumor cell apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway activation of caspase-3. Carcinogenesis 2007 Sep 7; [Epub ahead of print]
- 30. Redondo P, Solano T, Vazquez B, Bauza A, Idoate M. Fas and Fas ligand: expression and soluble circulating levels in cutaneous malignant melanoma. British Journal of Dermatology 2002; 147: 80-6.
- 31. Hahne M, Rimoldi D, Schroter M, Romero P, Schreier M, French LE et al. Melanoma cell expression of Fas (Apo-1 ⁄ CD95) ligand: implications for tumor immune escape. Science 1996; 274: 1363-6.
- 32. Chappell DB, Zaks TZ, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP. Human melanoma cells do not express Fas (Apo-1 ⁄ CD95) ligand. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 59-62.
- 33. Sprecher E, Bergman R, Meilick A, Kerner H, Manov L, Reiter I et al. Apoptosis, Fas and Fas ligand expression in melanocytic tumors. J Cutan Pathol 1999; 26: 72-7.
- 34. Rappl G, Seiter S, Ugurel S. Fas ligand expression in normal and neoplastic cells of melanocytic origin. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 110: 574 (Abstract).
- 35. Terheyden P, Siedel C, Merkel A, Kämpgen E, Bröcker EB, Becker JC. Predominant expression of Fas (CD95) ligand in metastatic melanoma revealed by longitudinal analysis. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 112: 899-902.