Mehmet TUZCU, Cemal ORHAN, Kazim ŞAHİN, Füsun ERTEN, Vijaya JUTURU, Nurhan ŞAHİN, Beşir ER, Öznur Ece DURMAZ KURŞUN

Lutein/zeaxanthin isomers regulate neurotrophic factors and synaptic plasticity in trained rats

Background/aim: This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin isomers (L/Zi) on lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, NF-κB/Nrf2 pathways, and synaptic plasticity proteins in trained rats. Materials and methods: Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: 1) control, 2) L/Zi: rats received L/Zi at the dose of 100 mg/kg by oral gavage, 3) exercise, 4) exercise+L/Zi: rats exercised and received L/Zi (100 mg/kg) by oral gavage. The duration of the study was eight weeks. Results: Exercise combined with L/Zi reduced lipid peroxidation and improved antioxidant enzyme activities of muscle and cerebral cortex in rats (p < 0.001). In the Exercise + L/Zi group, muscle and cerebral cortex Nrf2 and HO-1 levels increased, while NF-κB levels decreased (p

PDF

___

1. Tanaka M, Kanazashi M, Kondo H, Ishihara A, Fujino H. Licorice flavonoid oil supplementation promotes a reduction of visceral fat in exercised rats. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 2020; doi: 10.23736/S0022- 4707.20.11260-X
2. Antunes BM, Rossi FE, Cholewa JM, Lira FS. Regular physical activity and vascular aging. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016; 22 (24): 3715-3729. doi: 10.2174/138161282266616032 2144724
3. Molaei A, Hatami H, Dehghan G, Sadeghian R, Khajehnasiri N. Synergistic effects of quercetin and regular exercise on the recovery of spatial memory and reduction of parameters of oxidative stress in animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. Experimental and Clinical Sciences Journal 2020; 8 (19): 596- 612. doi: 10.17179/excli2019-2082
4. Pala R, Orhan C, Tuzcu M, Sahin N, Ali S et al. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation modulates NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways in exercise training. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2016; 15 (1): 196-203
5. Chae CH, Park S. Effect of regular exercise and dl-α-lipoic acid supplementation on BDNF, caspase-3 proteins and apoptosis in aging induced rat hippocampus. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences 2008; 20 (2): 78-95. doi:10.24985/ KJSS.2007.18.3.46
6. Bernstein PS, Li B, Vachali PP, Gorusupudi A, Shyam R et al. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: the basic and clinical science underlying carotenoid-based nutritional interventions against ocular disease. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 2016; 50: 34-66. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.10.003
7. Hammond BR, Fletcher LM. Influence of the dietary carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin on visual performance: application to baseball. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012; 96 (5): 1207S-1213S. doi: 10.3945/ ajcn.112.034876
8. Vishwanathan R, Neuringer M, Schalch W, Johnson E. Lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) levels in retina are related to levels in the brain. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) Journal 2011; 25: 344.1. doi:10.1096/ fasebj.25.1_supplement.344.1
9. Nolan JM, Loskutova E, Howard AN, Moran R, Mulcahy R et al. Macular pigment, visual function, and macular disease among subjects with Alzheimer’s disease: an exploratory study. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 2014; 42 (4): 1191-1202. doi: 10.3233/JAD-140507
10. Renzi LM, Bovier ER, Hammond BR Jr. A role for the macular carotenoids in visual motor response. Nutritional Neuroscience 2013; 16 (6): 262-268. doi: 10.1179/1476830513Y.0000000054
11. Ghanam K, Deshpande J, Juturu V. Lutein and Zeaxanthin isomers inhibit cholinesterase and modulate the expression of inflammation-related genes: in vitro models. International Journal of Ophthalmology and Clinical Research 2015; 2 (6): 043. doi: 10.23937/2378-346X/1410044
12. Tuzcu M, Orhan C, Muz OE, Sahin N, Juturu V et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin isomers modulates lipid metabolism and the inflammatory state of retina in obesity-induced high-fat diet rodent model. BioMed Central (BMC) Ophthalmology 2017; 17 (1): 129. doi: 10.1186/s12886-017-0524-1
13. Sindhu ER, Kuttan R. Carotenoid lutein protects rats from gastric ulcer induced by ethanol. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology 2012; 23 (1): 33-37. doi: 10.1515/jbcpp-2011-0032
14. Xue C, Rosen R, Jordan A, Hu DN. Management of ocular diseases using lutein and zeaxanthin: what have we learned from experimental animal studies? Journal of Ophthalmology 2015; 2015: 523027. doi: 10.1155/2015/523027
15. Park JH, Hwang H, Kim M, Lee-Kim Y. Effects of dietary fatty acids and vitamin E supplementation on antioxidant vitamin status of the second generation rat brain sections. Korean Medical Journal Information 2001; 34 (7): 754-761
16. Vishwanathan R, Neuringer M, Snodderly DM, Schalch W, Johnson EJ. Macular lutein and zeaxanthin are related to brain lutein and zeaxanthin in primates. Nutritional Neuroscience 2013; 16 (1): 21-29. doi: 10.1179/1476830512Y.0000000024
17. Mohn ES, Erdman JW, Neuringer M, Kuchan MJ, Johnson EJ. Brain xanthophyll content and exploratory gene expression analysis: subspecies differences in rhesus macaque. Genes & Nutrition 2017; 12: 9. doi: 10.1186/s12263-017-0557-3
18. Sahin K, Pala R, Tuzcu M, Ozdemir O, Orhan C et al. Curcumin prevents muscle damage by regulating NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways and improves performance: an in vivo model. Journal of Inflammation Research 2016; 9: 147-154. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S110873
19. Sahin K, Orhan C, Tuzcu M, Borawska MH, Jabłonski J et al. Berberis vulgaris root extract alleviates the adverse effects of heat stress via modulating hepatic nuclear transcription factors in quails. British Journal of Nutrition 2013; 110 (4): 609-616. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512005648
20. Krinsky NI, Landrum JT, Bone RA. Biologic mechanisms of the protective role of lutein and zeaxanthin in the eye. Annual Review of Nutrition 2003; 23: 171-201. doi: 10.1146/annurev. nutr.23.011702.073307
21. Ozawa Y, Sasaki M, Takahashi N, Kamoshita M, Miyake S et al. Neuroprotective effects of lutein in the retina. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2012; 18 (1): 51-56. doi: 10.2174/138161212798919101
22. Johnson EJ. Role of lutein and zeaxanthin in visual and cognitive function throughout the lifespan. Nutrition Reviews 2014; 72 (9): 605-612. doi: 10.1111/nure.12133
23. Nidhi B, Sharavana G, Ramaprasad TR, Vallikannan B. Lutein derived fragments exhibit higher antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties than lutein in lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation in rats. Food and Function 2015; 6 (2): 450-460. doi: 10.1039/c4fo00606b
24. Perrone S, Longini M, Marzocchi B, Picardi A, Bellieni CV et al. Effects of lutein on oxidative stress in the term newborn: a pilot study. Neonatology 2010; 97 (1): 36-40. doi: 10.1159/000227291
25. Zhao X, Aldini G, Johnson EJ, Rasmussen H, Kraemer K et al. Modification of lymphocyte DNA damage by carotenoid supplementation in postmenopausal women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006; 83 (1): 163-169. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/83.1.163
26. Williams LM, Gilmore TD. Looking down on NF-kappaB. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2020; 40(15):e00104-20. doi: 10.1128/MCB.00104-20
27. Done AJ, Traustadóttir T. Nrf2 mediates redox adaptations to exercise. Redox Biology 2016; 10: 191-199. doi: 10.1016/j. redox.2016.10.003
28. Thakur V, Gonzalez M, Pennington K, Nargis S, Chattopadhyay M. Effect of exercise on neurogenic inflammation in spinal cord of Type 1 diabetic rats. Brain Research 2016; 1642: 87-94. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.012
29. Tan D, Yu X, Chen M, Chen J, Xu J. Lutein protects against severe traumatic brain injury through antiinflammation and antioxidative effects via ICAM-1/Nrf-2. Molecular Medicine Reports 2017; 16 (4): 4235-4240. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7040
30. Bian Q, Gao S, Zhou J, Qin J, Taylor A et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation reduces photooxidative damage and modulates the expression of inflammation-related genes in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2012; 53 (6): 1298-1307. doi: 10.1016/j. freeradbiomed.2012.06.024
31. Feeney J, O’Leary N, Moran R, O’Halloran AM, Nolan JM et al. Plasma lutein and zeaxanthin are associated with better cognitive function across multiple domains in a large population-based sample of older adults: findings from the Irish longitudinal study on aging. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2017; 72 (10): 1431-1436. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glw330
32. Stringham NT, Holmes PV, Stringham JM. Lutein supplementation increases serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in humans. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) Journal 2016; 30: 689.3. doi:10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.689.3
33. Mirza FJ, Zahid S. The Role of synapsins in neurological disorders. Neuroscience Bulletin 2018; 34 (2): 349-358. doi: 10.1007/s12264-017-0201-7
34. Chung D, Shum A, Caraveo G. GAP-43 and BASP1 in axon regeneration: Implications for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 2020; 8: 567537. doi: 10.3389/ fcell.2020.567537
35. Lindbergh CA, Renzi-Hammond LM, Hammond BR, Terry DP, Mewborn CM et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin influence brain function in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2018; 24 (1): 77-90. doi: 10.1017/S1355617717000534