Does chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation provide sufficient cerebral oxygenation?
Does chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation provide sufficient cerebral oxygenation?
Background/aim: Some of the patients suffering from cardiac arrest (CA) remain in a chronic unconscious state in intensive careunits (ICUs). The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of chest compression (CC) on cerebral oxygenation duringcardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). As a secondary goal, we attempted to determine the effects of regional cerebral oxygen saturation(rSO2) values on consciousness and the survival rate using the Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) scoring method.Materials and methods: This observational preliminary study was carried out with 20 patients with CA who were hospitalized inICUs. The rSO2 values measured by near-infrared spectroscopy were recorded during CA. FOUR scoring was used to determine theneurological status, severity of disease, and degree of organ dysfunction in survivors.Results: Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was gained in 8 (40%) of 20 patients. Maximum rSO2 values were higher in survivorsthan in nonsurvivors (P = 0.005). The mean FOUR score before CA was 11.50 ± 0.8 in survivors, whereas this value was 7.87 ± 0.7 for 1week after ROSC (P < 0.0001). There was a significant positive correlation between the minimum and mean rSO2 values and the mean1-week FOUR scores in survivors (r = 0.811, r = 0.771 and P = 0.015, P = 0.025, respectively).Conclusion: Our results suggest that the maximum rSO2 values affect ROSC while the minimum and mean rSO2 values affect the postcardiac arrest neurological outcome.
___
- 1. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 11th ed.
Philadelphia, PA, USA: Elsevier Inc.; 2006.
- 2. Safar P. Cerebral resuscitation after cardiac arrest: a review.
Circulation 1986; 74: 138-153.
- 3. Wijdicks EF, Bamlet WR, Maramattom BV, Manno EM,
McClelland RL. Validation of a new coma scale: the FOUR
score. Ann Neurol 2005; 58: 585-593.
- 4. Kämäräinen A, Sainio M, Olkkola KT, Huhtala H, Tenhunen
J, Hoppu S. Quality controlled manual chest compressions
and cerebral oxygenation during in-hospital cardiac arrest.
Resuscitation 2012; 8: 138-142.
- 5. Ferrari M, Mottola L, Quaresima V. Principles, techniques, and
limitations of near infrared spectroscopy. Can J Appl Physiol
2004; 29: 463-487.
- 6. Koyama Y, Wada T, Lohman BD, Takamatsu Y, Matsumoto
J, Fujitani S, Taira Y. A new method to detect cerebral blood
flow waveform in synchrony with chest compression by nearinfrared spectroscopy during CPR. Am J Emerg Med 2013; 31:
1504-1508.
- 7. Putzer G, Braun P, Falk M, Paal P, Brugger H, Mair P. NIRS may
be a reliable marker of CPR-quality because it correlates with
systemic haemodynamics and reflects cerebral oxygenation:
13AP2-8. Eur J Anaesth 2014; 31: 214.
- 8. Abella BS, Sandbo N, Vassilatos P, Alvarado JP, O’Hearn
N, Wigder HN, Hoffman P, Tynus K, Vanden-Hoek TL,
Becker LB. Chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary
resuscitation are suboptimal: a prospective study during inhospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 2005; 111: 428-434.
- 9. Herlitz J, Bång A, Alsén B, Aune S. Characteristics and
outcome among patients suffering from in hospital cardiac
arrest in relation to the interval between collapse and start of
CPR. Resuscitation 2002; 53: 21-27.
- 10. Field JM, Hazinski MF, Sayre MR, Chameides L, Schexnayder
SM, Hemphill R, Samson RA, Kattwinkel J, Berg RA, Bhanji
F et al. Part 1: Executive summary: 2010 American Heart
Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and
emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 2010; 122: 640.
- 11. Peberdy MA, Kaye W, Ornato JP, Larkin GL, Nadkarni V,
Mancini ME, Berg RA, Nichol G, Trultt TL. Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation of adults in the hospital: a report of 14720 cardiac
arrests from the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation. Resuscitation 2003; 58: 297-308.
- 12. Wijdicks EF. The bare essentials: coma. Practical Neurology
2010; 10: 51-60.
- 13. Nagdyman N, Fleck T, Ewert P, Abdul-Khaliq H, Redlin M,
Lange P. Cerebral oxygenation measured by near-infrared
spectroscopy during circulatory arrest and cardiopulmonary
resuscitation. Brit J Anaesth 2003; 91: 438-442.
- 14. Andreka P, Frenneaux MP. Haemodynamics of cardiac arrest
and resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care 2006; 12: 198-203.
- 15. Reynolds JC, Frisch A, Rittenberger JC, Callaway CW.
Duration of resuscitation efforts and functional outcome after
out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: when should we change to novel
therapies? Circulation 2013; 128: 2488-2494.
- 16. Kim SJ, Jung JS, Park JH, Park JS, Hong YS, Lee SW. An
optimal transition time to extracorporeal cardiopulmonary
resuscitation for predicting good neurological outcome in
patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a propensitymatched study. Crit Care 2014; 18: 535.
- 17. Schewe JC, Thudium MO, Kappler J, Steinhagen F, Eichhorn
L, Erdfelder F, Heister U, Ellerkmann R. Monitoring of
cerebral oxygen saturation during resuscitation in out-ofhospital cardiac arrest: a feasibility study in a physician staffed
emergency medical system. Scand J Trauma Resus 2014; 22: 58.
- 18. Parnia S, Nasir A, Ahn A, Hanan M, Jie Y, Jiawen Z, Francis
D, Paul R. A feasibility study of cerebral oximetry during
in-hospital mechanical and manual cardiopulmonary
resuscitation. Crit Care Med 2014; 42: 930-933.
- 19. Phelps R, Dumas F, Maynard C, Silver J, Rea T. Cerebral
performance category and long-term prognosis following outof-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 2013; 41: 1252-1257.
- 20. Sanders AB, Kern KB, Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Heidenrich J, Ewy
GA. Survival and neurologic outcome after cardiopulmonary
resuscitation with four different chest compression-ventilation
ratios. Ann Emerg Med 2002; 40: 553-562.
- 21. Meex I, De Deyne C, Dens J, Scheyltjens S, Lathouwers K, Boer
W, Vundelinckx G, Heylen R, Jans F. Feasibility of absolute
cerebral tissue oxygen saturation during cardiopulmonary
resuscitation. Crit Care 2013; 17: 36.