Halil İbrahim HALİLOĞLU, MURAT ARSLAN, Bong Joo LEE, Konrad DABROWSKI

The effects of dietary turnip (Brassica rapa) and biofuel algae on growth and chemical composition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles

Bu çalışma yavru gökkuşağı alabalıkları (0,67±0,01) diyetlerine katılan şalgam (Brassica rapa) ve eksraktları ile yosun ununun olumlu etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bunun için 7 adet kazein-jelatin tabanlı enerji ve besin değerleri ayarlanmış şalgam unu, ektraktları (su ve metanol), ektraksiyon sonrası toz hali ve yosun unu ile yarı saf diyetler hazırlanmıştır. Diyetler %15 buğday unu (diyet 1, control), %15 Türkiye orijinli şalgam unu (diyet 2), Amerika orijinli su eksraktı (diyet 3), Türkiye orijinli metanol ekstraktı (diyet 4), Türkiye orijinli eksraktsiyon sonrası tozu (diyet 5), %15 Amerika orijinli şalgam unu (diyet 6) ve %15 lik alg unu (diyet 7) ilavesiyle hazırlanmıştır. Dört haftalık besleme süresi sonunda 7 numaralı diyetle beslenen balıklarda büyüme diğer 6 diyetle beslenenlere göre önemli seviyede düşük çıkmıştır (P0,05). Yem değerlendirme (FCR) ve protein etkinlik değerleri (PER) şalgam ve ektsraktları katılan gruplarda yosun unu ve kontrol grubuna göre önemli seviyede yüksek çıkmıştır. Çalışmamız, şalgam unu takviyesinin alabalık yavrularında büyümeyi teşvik etme eğiliminde olduğunu göstermektedir. Şalgam ununun alabalıklar üzerindeki pozitif etkilerinin daha iyi anlaşılması için detaylı çalışmaların yapılması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

gökkuşağı alabalığı, kimyasal bileşim, diyetler, büyüme, şalgam, balık beslenmesi

Diyetlere ilave edilen şalgam (Brassica rapa) ve yosun ununun gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss) yavrularının büyüme ve kimyasal kompozisyonlarına etkileri

The present study was conducted to investigate the supplemental effects of the turnip (Brassica rapa) and its extracts and algae powder on growth performance and body composition of rainbow trout juveniles (0.67±0.01 g). For this purpose, 7 casein-gelatin based semi purified diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric to contain turnip meal, its extracts (with water and methanol) and the powder of after extraction as well as algae powder. The diets were supplemented with 15% wheat flour (diet 1, control), 15% turnip meal of Turkish origin (diet 2), water extract from U.S. turnip (diet 3), methanol extract from Turkish turnip (diet 4), powder of Turkish turnip after extraction (diet 5), 15% turnip meal of U.S. origin (diet 6) and 15% biofuel algae powder (diet 7). After 4 week feeding trial, the fish fed diet 7 had significantly lower growth than those fed the other 6 experimental diets (P<0.05). Among the fish fed dietary turnip or its extracts, there was no significant difference in growth and survival (P>0.05). However, turnip supplementation tended to increase growth in comparison to control diet. Food conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly higher in fish fed diets with turnip and its extract than those fed the biofuel algae and control diets. Our study indicated that turnip seems to have a growth enhancing effects in juvenile rainbow trout. This positive effect might be connected with some phytochemicals, which is reported as antioxidant and health promoting properties of turnip. Further studies are needed to disclose the effect of dietary turnip on rainbow trout.

Keywords:

rainbow trout, chemical composition, diets, growth, turnips, fish feeding,

PDF

___

Adelizi, P.D., Rosati, R.R., Warner, K., Wu, Y.V., Muench, T.R. and White, M.R. 1998. Evaluation of fish meal free diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture Nutrition, 4: 255–262. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00077.x
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) 1995. Official Methods of Analysis of Official Analytical Chemists International, 16th Edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.
Barrows, F.T., Gaylord, T.G., Stone, D.A.J. and Smith, C.E. 2007. Effect of protein source and nutrient density on growth efficiency, histology, and plasma amino acid concentration of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum). Aquacult. Res., 38: 1747–1758.
Dabrowski, K., Lee, K.J. and Richard, J. 2003 Utilization of dipeptide based diets in small vertebrate, rainbow trout. J. Nutrition., 133: 4225-4229.
Fernades, F., Valentao, P., Sousa, C., Pereira, J.A., Seabra, R.M. and Andrade, P.B, 2007. Chemical and antioxidative of dietary turnip (Brassica rapa var. Rapa L.). 105: 1003-110.
Folch, J., Lees, M. and Stanley, G.H.S. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry 226: 497-509.
Francis, G., Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, K. 2001. Antinutritional factors in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture, 199: 197–227. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00526-9
Gomes, E.F., Rema, P. and Kaushik, S.J. 1995. Replacement of fish meal by plant proteins in the diets of ainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Aquaculture, 130: 177–186. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(94)00211-6
Gonzales, G.F., Gasco, M., Cordova, A., Chung, A., Rubio, J. and Villegas, L. 2004. Effect of Lepidium meyenii (maca) on spermatohenesis in male rats acutely exposed to high altitude (4340 m) Journal Endocrinology, 180: 87-95. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1800087
Hardy, R.W. 1995. Current issues in salmonid nutrition. In: C. Lim and D.J. Sessa (Eds.), Nutrition and utilization technology in aquaculture. Champaign, IL: ACCS Press: 26-40.
Higgs, D.A., Markert, J.R., Plotnikoff, M.D., Mcbride, J.R. and Dosanjh, B.S. 1985. Development of nutritional and environmental strategies for maximizing the growth and survival of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), Aquaculture, 47: 113–130. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(85)90058-4
Juaneda, P. and Rocquelin, G. 1985. Rapid and convenient separation of phospholipids and non phosphorus lipids from rat heart using silica cartridges. Lipids, 30: 40–41. doi: 10.1007/BF02534360
Kaushik, S.J., Cravedi, J.P., Lalles, J.P., Sumpter, J., Fauconneau, B. and Laroche, M. 1995. Partial or otal replacement of soybean meal by soybean protein on growth protein utilisation, potential estrogenic or antigenic effects, cholesterolemia and flesh quality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 133: 257–274. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(94)00403-B
Krumbein, A., Schonlof, I. and Schreiner, M. 2005. Composition and concentrations of phytochemicals (glucosinolates, carotenoids and chlorophylls) and ascorbic acid in selected Brassica species (Brassicajuncea, B. rapa subsp. Nippocincia var. Chinoleifera, B. rapa subsp chinensis and B. Rapa sub sp. Rapa) J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual., 79: 168-174.
Lee, K.J., Dabrowski, K. and Blom, J.H. 2001.Replacement of fish meal by a mixture of animal by-products in juvenile rainbow trout diets. N. Am. J. Aquacult., 63: 109–117. doi: 10.1577/1548-8454(2001)063%3C0109:ROFMBA%3E2.0.CO;2
Lee, K.J., Dabrowski, K., Richard, J., Gomez, C., Guz, L. and Vilchez, C. 2004. Supplementation of maca (lepidium meyenii) tuber meal in diets improves growthrate and survival of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Walbaum alevins and juveniles. Aquac. Res., 35: 215-223.
Lee, K. J., Dabrowski, K., Sandavol, M. and Miller, M.J.S. 2005. Activity-guided fractionation of phytochemicals of maca meal, their antioxidant activities and effects on growth, feed utilization, and survival in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. Aquaculture, 244: 293-301. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.12.006
Li, G., Ammermann, U. and Quiros, C.F. 2001. Glucosinolate contents in maca (Lepidium perivianum Chacon) seeds, sprouts, mature plants and several derived commercial products. Econ. Bot., 55: 225-262. doi: 10.1007/BF02864563
Liang, Y.S., Kim, H.K., Lefeber, A.W.M., Erkelens, C., Choi, Y.H. and Verpoorte, R. 2006. Identification of phenylpropanoids in methyl jasmonate treated Brassica rapa leaves using two- dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Journal of Chromotography A, 1112: 148-155. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.114
Liu, R.H. 2003. Health benefits of fruit and vegetable are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals. American Journal of Clinical Chemistry, 78: 517-520.
Olli, J.J. and Krogdahl, A. 1995. Nutritive value of four soybean products as protein sources in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) reared in freshwater. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A-Animal Science, 44: 185–192. doi: 10.1080/09064709409410896
Oshima, M., Gu, Y. and Tusukada, S. 2003. Effects of lepidium meyenii walp and Jatropha macrantha on blood levels of embryo implantation in mice. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 65:1145-1146. doi: 10.1292/jvms.65.1145
Özoğul, Y., Ahmad, J.I., Hole, M., Özoğul, F. and Deguara, S. 2006. The effects of partial replacement of fish meal by vegetable protein sources in the diet of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on post mortem spoilage of fillets. Food Chemistry, 96: 549-561. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.02.043
Refstie, S., Korsoen, O.J., Storebakken, T., Baeverfjord, G., Lein, I. and Roem, A.J. 2000. Differing nutritional responses to dietary soybean meal in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture, 190: 49–63. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00382-3
Rumsey, G.L. 1993. Fish meal and alternate sources of protein in fish feeds update 1993. Fisheries, 18(7): 14–19. doi: 10.1577/1548-8446(1993)018%3C0014: FMAASO%3E2.0.CO;2
Sasaki, K. and Takahashi, T. 2002. A flavonoid from brassica rapa flower as the UV- absorbing nectar guide. Phytochemistry, 61: 339-343. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00237-6
Shumin, L., Schonhof, I., Krumbein. A., Li, L., Stützel, H. and Screiner, M. 2007. Glucosinolate concentration in turnip (Brassica rapa ssp. Rapifera L.) roots as affected by nitrogen and sulfur supply. J. of Agric. and Food Chem., 55: 8452-8457. doi: 10.1021/jf070816k
Silva, B.M., Andrade, P.B., Valentao, P., Ferreres, F., Seabra, R.M. and Ferreira, M.E. 2004. Quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) fruit (pulp, peel and seed) and jam: Antioxidant activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52: 4705-4712. doi: 10.1021/jf040057v
Stone, D.A., Hardy, R.W., Barrows, F.T. and Cheng, Z.J. 2005. Effects of extrusion on nutritional value of diets containing corn gluten meal and corn distillers dried grain for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus myskiss. J. Appl. Aquacult., 17: 1-20. doi: 10.1300/J028v17n03_01
Sugiura, S.H., Babbitt, J.K., Dong, F.M. and Hardy, R.W. 2000. Utilization of fish and animal by-product meals in low-pollution feeds for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquacult. Res., 31: 585–593. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.00476.x
Watanabe, T. and Pongmaneerat, J. 1993. Potential of soybean meal as a protein source in extruded pellets for rainbow trout. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 58: 1991-2000.
Watson, M.E. and Isaac, R.A. 1990. Analytical instruments for soil and plant analysis. Soil testing and plant analysis. SSSA book series, 3rd Edition, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin: 691-740.
Yamamoto, T., Shima, T., Furuita, H. and Suzuki, N. 2002. Influence of feeding diets with and without fish meal by hand and by self-feeders on feed intake, growth and nutrient utilizationof juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 214: 289–305. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00035-2