IRRIGATION SCHEDULING OF WHEAT AT DIFFERENT NITROGEN LEVELS IN SEMI-ARID REGION
Appropriate nitrogen and optimum irrigation scheduling ensure economic yield. To access the behavior of development, growth and yield of wheat in response to nitrogen rates (80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 ) and irrigation scheduling, an experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad using Randomized Complete Block Design in split plot arrangement. It was observed that accumulated thermal time and photo-thermal time derive the crop phenology. Calendar time of growth stages may vary depending upon the prevailing climatic conditions particularly minimum and maximum temperatures. Application of 120 kg ha-1 nitrogen (F2) resulted in maximum LAI (4.21 & 4.73), mean crop growth rate (9.38 & 9.14 g m-2 d -1 ), and grain yield (3100 & 3265 kg ha-1 ). Full irrigation performed better in terms of maximum LAI (4.97 & 5.46), mean CGR (10.89 & 12.66 g m-2 d -1 ) and grain yield (3735 & 4603 kg ha-1 ). Application of 120 kg Nitrogen ha-1 and full irrigation were found to be the best management practices for better growth and to attain maximum grain yield.
___
- AL-Harbi, A.R., A.M. Al-Omran, M.M. Alenazi and M.A.
Wahb-Allah. 2015. Salinity and deficit irrigation influence
tomato growth, yield and water use efficiency at different
developmental stages. Intl. J. Agric. Bio. 17(2): 241-250.
- Ali, M. H., M.R. Hoque, A.A. Hassan and A. Khair. 2007.
Effects of deficit irrigation on yield, water productivity, and
economic returns of wheat. Agric. water Management. 92:
151-161.
- Awais, M., A. Wajid, A. Ahmad, M.F. Saleem, M.U. Bashir, U.
Saeed, J. Hussain and M. Habib-Ur-Rahman. 2015. Nitrogen
fertilization and narrow plant spacing stimulates sunflower
productivity. Turkish J. Field Crops. 20(1): 99-108.
- Awais, M., A. Wajid, W. Nasim, A. Ahmad, M.F. Saleem,
M.A.S. Raza, M.U. Bashir, M. Habib-ur-Rahman, U. Saeed,
J. Hussain, N. Arshad and G. Hoogenboom. 2017. Modeling
the water and nitrogen productivity of sunflower using
OILCROP-SUN model in Pakistan. Field Crops Res.
205:67-77.
- Awais, M., A.Wajid, A. Ahmad and A. Bakhsh.2013. Narrow
plant spacing and nitrogen application enhances sunflower
(Helianthus annuusL.) productivity. Pak. J. Agri. Sci. 50(4):
689-697.
- Bashir, M.U., S.A. Wajid, A. Ahmad and M. Iqbal. 2016.
Potential Soil Moisture Deficit: An Alternative Approach for
Irrigation Scheduling in Wheat. Intl. J. Agric.Bio. 18(1): 16-
22.
- Bavec, M., K. Vuković, S.G. Mlakar, C. Rozman and F. Bavec.
2007. Leaf area index in winter wheat: response on seed rate
and nitrogen application by different varieties. J. Central
Europ. Agric. 8(3): 337-342.
- Behera, S.K. and R.K. Panda. 2009. Effect of fertilization and
irrigation schedule on water and fertilizer solute transport for
wheat crop in a sub-humid sub-tropical region. Agric.
Ecosystems Environ. 130: 141-155.
- Du, T., S. Kang, J. Sun, X. Zhang and J. Zhang. 2010. An
improved water use efficiency of cereals under temporal and
spatial deficit irrigation in north China. Agric. Water
Management. 97: 66-74.
- Dumont, B., B. Basso, B. Bodson, J.P. Destain and M.F.
Destain. 2016. Assessing and modeling economic and
environmental impact of wheat nitrogen management in
Belgium. Environ. Modelling Software. 79: 184-196.
doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.02.015
- Fan, M., R. Jiang, X. Liu, F. Zhang, S. Lu, X. Zeng and P.
Christie. 2005. Interactions between Non-Flooded Mulching
Cultivation and Varying Nitrogen Inputs in Rice-Wheat
Rotations,” Field Crops Res. 91:307-318.
- FAO. 1978. Agro-ecological zones. Report on the project, Vol.
1. Methodology and results for Africa, Rome.
Gallagher, J.N., P.V. Biscoe and R.D. Jones. 1983.
- Environmental influence on the development, growth and
yield of barley. In: Barley Production and Marketing. Agron.
Soc. New Zealand. Special Publication No. 200 PP. 21-50
GOP. 2014. Economic survey of Pakistan. pp 34.
- Hammad, H.M., A. Ahmad, A. Wajid and J. Akhter. 2011.
Maize response to time and rate of nitrogen application. Pak.
J. Bot. 43:1935-1942.
- Hunt, R. 1978. Plant growth analysis. Edward Arnold, U.K., PP:
26-38.
- Jazy, H.D., M.R. Poor, H.H. Abad and A. Soleimani. 2007.
Growth indices of winter wheat as affected by irrigation
regimes under Iran conditions. Pak. J. Bio. Sci. 10 (24):
4495-9.
- Karousakis, K. and P. Koundouri. 2006. Water management in
arid and semi-arid regions: Interdisciplinary perspectives-an
introduction. P. Koundouri, K. Karousakis, D.
Assimacopoulos, P. Jeffrey, M.A. Lange (Eds.). Edward
Elgar Publishing, Inc. USA. pp 3-13.
- Liu, J., J.R. Williams, A.J.B. Zehnder and H. Yang. 2007.
GEPIC – modelling wheat yield and crop water productivity
with high resolution on a global scale. Agric. Systems. 94:
478-493.
- Ma, S., G. Churkina and K. Trusilova. 2012. Investigating the
impact of climate change on crop phenological events in
Europe with a phenology model. Intl. J. Biometeorol. 56(4):
749-63. doi: 10.1007/s00484-011-0478-6
- Saiyed, I.M., P.R. Bullock, H.D. Sapirstein, G.J. Finlay and C.K.
Jarvis. 2008. Thermal time models for estimating wheat
phonological development and weather-based relationships
to wheat quality. Canadian J. Plant Sci. 88: 429-439.
- Santos, T.P.D., C.M. Lopes, M.L. Rodrigues, C.R. de Souza,
J.M. Ricardo-da-Silva, J.P. Maroco, J.S. Pereira and M.M.
Chaves. 2007. Effects of deficit irrigation strategies on
cluster microclimate for improving fruit composition of
Moscatel field-grown grapevines. Scientia Horticulturae,
112: 321-330.
- Sarwar, N., M. Maqsood, K. Mubeen. M. Shehzad, M.S. Bhullar,
R. Qamar and N. Akbar. 2010. Effect of different levels of
irrigation on yield and yield components of wheat cultivars.
Pak. J. Agric. Sci. 47: 371-374.
- Thakuria, R.K., S. Harbir and S. Tej. 2004. Effect of irrigation
and antitranspirants on growth and yield of spring sunflower
(Helianthus annuus L.). Ann. Agric. Res. 25:433-438.Awais,
M., A. Wajid, A. Ahmad, F. Saleem, M.U. Bashir, U. Saeed,
J. Hussain and H.U. Rehman. 2015. Nitrogen fertilization
and narrow plant spacing stimulates sunflower productivity.
Turkish J Field Crops. 20(1): 99-108.
- Xiao, D., F. Tao, Y. Liu, W. Shi, M. Wang, F. Liu, S. Zhang and
Z. Zhu. 2013. Observed changes in winter wheat phenology
in the North China Plain for 1981-2009. Intl. J.
Biometeorol. 57(2): 275-85. doi: 10.1007/s00484-012-0552-
8.
- Xiao, G., Q. Zhang, R. Wang and Y. Xiong. 2009. Effects of
elevated CO2 concentration, supplemental irrigation and
nitrogenous fertilizer application on rain-fed spring wheat
yield. Acta Ecologica Sinica. 29: 205-210.
- Zhang, Y., X. Dai, D. Jia, H. Li, Y. Wang, C. Li, H. Xu and M.
He. 2016. Effects of plant density on grain yield, protein size
distribution, and breadmaking quality of winter wheat grown
under two nitrogen fertilisation rates. European J. Agron. 73:
1-10. doi:10.1016/j.eja.2015.11.015