Jesus Casa HERNANDEZ, Francisco Sanchez SUTIL, Pedro Gomez VIDAL

Protection of a multiterminal DC compact node feeding electric vehicles on electric railway systems, secondary distribution networks, and PV systems

This paper describes a multiterminal DC compact node consisting of voltage-source converters and DC-DC converters as a promising arrangement to feed electric vehicle (EV) charging stations with renewable power sources. This research analyzed the behavior of the node currents under DC faults, and more specifically their natural response, which can produce challenging electrical protection requirements. An electrical protection system was thus designed based on the use of protective devices that included protective relays, solid state circuit breakers and hybrid circuit breakers. These protective devices monitor local readings to detect and isolate DC faults as quickly as possible. This highlighted the fact that there are devices, available on the market, that comply with the fast response requirement to prevent damage or destruction of the converters and filter capacitors of the node.

PDF

___

[1] Haidar MA, Muttaqi KM, Sutanto D. Technical challenges for electric power industries due to grid-integrated electric vehicles in LV distributions: a review. Energ Convers Manage 2014; 86: 689-700.
[2] Falvo MC, Lamedica R, Bartoni R, Maranzano G. Energy management in metro-transit systems: an innovative proposal toward an integrated and sustainable urban mobility system including plug-in electric vehicles. Electr Pow Syst Res 2011; 81: 2127-2138.
[3] Motraghi A. Rail research projects: case studies. Res Trans E 2013; 41: 76-83.
[4] Steininger KW, Bachner G. Extending car-sharing to serve commuters: an implementation in Austria. Ecol Econ 2014; 101: 64-66.
[5] Sanchez-Sutil F, Hernandez JC, Tobajas C. Overview of electrical protection requirements for integration of a smart DC node with bidirectional electric vehicle charging stations into existing AC and DC railway grids. Electr Pow Syst Res 2015; 122: 104-118.
[6] Salomonsson D, Soder L, Sannino A. Protection of low-voltage DC microgrids. IEEE T Power Deliver 2009; 24: 1045-1053.
[7] Fletcher SDA, Norman PJ, Galloway SJ, Burt GM. Determination of protection system requirements for DC unmanned aerial vehicle electrical power networks for enhanced capability and survivability. IET Elect Syst Transport 2011; 1: 137-147.
[8] Cuzner RM, Venkataramanan G. The status of DC micro-grid protection. In: IEEE 2008 Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting; 59 October 2008; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. New York, NY, USA: IEEE. pp. 1-8.
[9] International Electrotechnical Commission. Railway applications Fixed installations Electrical safety, earthing and the return circuit Part 1: Protective provisions against electric shock. IEC 62128-1. Geneva, Switzerland: IEC, 2001.
[10] International Electrotechnical Commission. Railway applications Fixed installations Electrical safety, earthing and the return circuit Part 2: Provisions against the effects of stray currents caused by DC traction systems. IEC 62128-2. Geneva, Switzerland: IEC, 2013.
[11] Mohan N, Undeland TM, Robbins WP. Power Electronics: Converter, Applications, and Design. 3rd ed. New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 2003.
[12] Liserre M, DellAquila A, Blaabjerg F. An overview of three-phase voltage source active rectifiers interfacing the utility. In: IEEE 2003 Power Tech Conference; 2326 June 2003; Bologna, Italy. New York, NY, USA: IEEE. pp.1-8.
[13] Ottersten R, Svensson J. Vector current controlled VSC deadbeat control and saturation strategies. IEEE T Power Electr 2002; 17: 279-285.
[14] Baran ME, Mahajan NR. Overcurrent protection on voltage source converter-based multiterminal DC distribution systems. IEEE T Power Deliver 2007; 22: 406-412.
[15] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Guide for the protection of stationary battery systems. IEEE 1375. New York, NY, USA: IEEE, 1998.
[16] Anderson PM. Power System Protection. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1999.
[17] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Recommended practice for the design of DC auxiliary power systems for generating stations. IEEE 946. New York, NY, USA: IEEE, 2004.
[18] International Electrotechnical Commission. Short-circuit currents in DC auxiliary installations in power plants and substations Part 1: Calculation of short-circuit currents. IEC 61660-1. Geneva, Switzerland: IEC, 1997.
[19] International Electrotechnical Commission. Short-circuit currents in DC auxiliary installations in power plants and substations Part 3: Examples of calculations. IEC/TR 61660-3. Geneva, Switzerland: IEC, 2000.
[20] Yang J, Fletcher J, OReilly J. Multiterminal DC wind farm collection grid internal fault analysis and protection design. IEEE T Power Deliver 2010; 25: 2308-2318.
[21] Fletcher SDA, Norman PJ, Galloway SJ, Crolla P, Burt GM. Optimizing the roles of unit and non-unit protection methods within DC microgrids. IEEE T Smart Grid 2012; 3: 2079-2087.
[22] Nuutinen P, Peltoniemi P, Silventoinen P. Short-circuit protection in a converter-fed LV distribution network. IEEE T Power Electr 2013; 28: 1587-1597.
[23] Park JD, Candelaria J. Fault detection and isolation in low-voltage DC-bus microgrid system. IEEE T Power Deliver 2013; 28: 779-787.
[24] Fletcher SDA, Norman PJ, Fong K, Galloway SJ, Burt GM. High speed differential protection for smart DC distribution systems. IEEE T Smart Grid 2014; 5: 2610-2617.
[25] Barnes MJ, Blackmore E, Wait GD, Lemire-Elmore J, Rablah B, Leyh G, Nguyen MN, Pappas C. Analysis of high-power IGBT short circuit failures. IEEE T Plasma Sci 2005; 33: 1252-1261.
[26] Long HY, Luther-King N, Sweet MR, Narayanan EMS. Numerical evaluation of the short-circuit performance of 3.3-kV CIGBT in field-stop technology. IEEE T Power Electr 2012; 27: 2673-2679.
[27] Morton J. Circuit breaker and protection requirements for DC switchgear used in rapid transit systems. IEEE T Ind Appl 1985; IA-21: 1268-1273.
[28] Tang L, Ooi BT. Locating and isolating DC faults in multi-terminal DC systems. IEEE T Power Deliver 2007; 22: 1877-1884.
[29] Cinieri E, Fumi A, Salvatori V, Spalvieri C. A new high-speed relay protection of the 3-kV DC electric railway lines. IEEE T Power Deliver 2007; 22: 2262-2270.
[30] Krstic S, Wellner E, Bendre AR, Semenov B. Circuit breaker technologies for advanced ship power systems. In: IEEE 2007 Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 2123 May 2007; Hyatt Regency Crystal City, Arlington, Virginia, USA. New York, NY, USA: IEEE. pp. 201-208.
[31] Schmerda RF, Krstic S, Wellner EL, Bendre AR. IGCTs vs. IGBTs for circuit breakers in advanced ship electrical systems. In: IEEE 2009 Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 2022 April 2009; Baltimore, Maryland, USA. New York, NY, USA: IEEE. pp. 400-405.
[32] Alvarez S. Characterisation of 3.3 kV IGCTs for medium power applications. MSc, Polytechnic National Institute of Toulouse, Toulouse, France, 2005.
[33] Lund J. Assessment of switching technologies for application in HVDC-circuit breakers. MSc, Institute for HV Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, 2011.
[34] Meyer JM, Rufer A. A DC hybrid circuit breaker with ultra-fast contact opening and IGCTs. IEEE T Power Deliver 2006; 21: 646-651.
[35] Henkil¨o- ja yritysarviointi SETI Oy. Low voltage electrical installations and safety at electrical work, National low voltage standard. Finnish SFS6000 Series. Helsinki, Finland.
[36] White RD. Railway electrification and protection. In: IET 2008 Professional Development course on Electric Traction Systems; 37 November 2008; Manchester, UK. New York, NY, USA: IEEE. pp. 258-305.
[37] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Recommended practice for the design of DC auxiliary power systems for generating stations. IEEE 946. New York, NY, USA: IEEE, 2004.
[38] Hernandez JC, Vidal PG. Guidelines for protection against electric shock in PV generators. IEEE T Energy Conver 2009; 24: 274-282.
[39] Yang X, Choi MS, Lee SJ, Ten CW, Lim SI. Fault location for underground power cable using distributed parameter approach. IEEE T Power Syst 2008; 23: 1809-1816.
[40] Zhangao R, Kexun Y, Zhenxiu L, Caiyong Y, Yuan P. Design of a novel pulse capacitor charge power system based on inertial energy storage. In: IEEE 2009 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems; 25 November 2009; Taipei, Taiwan. New York, NY, USA: IEEE. pp. 1514-1517.
[41] Atmadji A. Direct current hybrid breakers: a design and its realization. MSc, Technical University of Eindhoven, Eindhoven, the Netherlands, 2001.
[42] Peuget R, Courtine S, Rognon JP. Fault detection and isolation on a PWM inverter by knowledge-based model. IEEE T Ind Appl 1998; 34: 1318-1326.