Suzana PIL RAMLI, Muhammad USAMA, Hazlie MOKHLIS, Wei Ru WONG, Muhamad Hatta HUSSAIN, Munir Azam MUHAMMAD, Nurulafiqah Nadzirah MANSOR

Optimal directional overcurrent relay coordination based on computational intelligence technique: a review

An exponential increase in diverse load demand in the last decade has influenced the integration of more power plants into the power system. This increases the fault current due to the bidirectional flow of current, resulting in unwanted tripping of the relays if not properly coordinated. Therefore, it is imperative to ensure the installation of relays in the grid being able to sense the fault current from any direction (i.e. upstream or downstream). This can be accomplished by introducing an optimal directional overcurrent relay (DOCR) coordination scheme into the system. This paper presents an in-depth review of the applications of various optimization techniques for optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) in integrated power networks. The review highlights the advantages and limitations of techniques implemented to mitigate the DOCR coordination issues. Furthermore, potential research directions for optimal DOCR coordination are also discussed in this paper.

PDF

___

[1] Birla D, Maheshwari RP, Gupta HO. A new nonlinear directional overcurrent relay coordination technique, and banes and boons of near-end faults based approach. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2006; 21 (3): 1176-1182. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2005.861325
[2] Paithankar YG, Bhide S. Fundamentals of Power System Protection. New Delhi, India: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd, 2011.
[3] Thangaraj R, Pant M, Deep K. Optimal coordination of over-current relays using modified differential evolution algorithms. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 2010; 23 (5): 820-829. doi: 10.1016/j.engappai.2010.01.024
[4] Feizifar B, Usta Ö. A new failure protection algorithm for circuit breakers using the power loss of switching arc incidents. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences 2019; 27: 1982-1997. doi: 10.3906/elk1805-84
[5] Tarsi IK, Sheikholeslami A, Barforoushi T, Sadati SMB. Investigating impacts of distributed generation on distribution networks reliability: A mathematical model. In: IEEE 2010 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability Conference; Kuressaare, Estonia; 2010. pp. 117-124.
[6] Tailor J, Osman A. Restoration of fuse-recloser coordination in distribution system with high DG penetration. In: IEEE 2008 Power and Energy Society General Meeting-Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century; Pittsburgh, PA, USA; 2008. pp. 1-8.
[7] Chaitusaney S, Yokoyama A. Prevention of reliability degradation from recloser–fuse miscoordination due to distributed generation. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2008; 23 (4): 2545-2554. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2007.915899
[8] Chaitusaney S, Yokoyama A. Reliability analysis of distribution system with distributed generation considering loss of protection coordination. In: IEEE 2006 International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems; Stockholm, Sweden; 2006. pp. 1-8.
[9] Khan AU, Hong Q, Dyśko A, Booth C. Review and evaluation of protection issues and solutions for future distribution networks. In: IEEE 2019 54th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC); Bucharest, Romania, Romania; 2019. pp. 1-6.
[10] Razavi SE, Rahimi E, Sadegh Javadi M, Nezhad AE, Lotfi M et al. Impact of distributed generation on protection and voltage regulation of distribution systems: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2019; 105: 157-167. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.01.050
[11] Elmore WA. Protective Relaying: Theory and Applications. Madison Avenue, NY, USA: CRC Press, 2003.
[12] Abdelaziz AY, Talaat H, Nosseir A, Hajjar AA. An adaptive protection scheme for optimal coordination of overcurrent relays. Electric Power Systems Research 2002; 61 (1): 1-9. doi: 10.1016/S0378-7796(01)00176-6
[13] Hussain M, Musirin I, Rahim S, Abidin AF. Computational intelligence based technique in optimal overcurrent relay coordination: a review. The International Journal of Engineering And Science (IJES) 2013; 2 (1): 01-09. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2013.02.043
[14] Urdaneta A, Perez L, Gomez J, Feijoo B, Gonzalez M. Presolve analysis and interior point solutions of the linear programming coordination problem of directional overcurrent relays. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2001; 23 (8): 819-825. doi: 10.1016/S0142-0615(00)00097-1
[15] Urdaneta AJ, Restrepo H, Marquez S, Sanchez J. Coordination of directional overcurrent relay timing using linear programming. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1996; 11 (1): 122-129. doi: 10.1109/61.484008
[16] Zocholl S, Akamine J, Hughes A, Sachdev M, Scharf L. Computer representation of overcurrent relay characteristics. In: IEEE 1089 committee report; New York, USA; 1989. pp. 1659-1667.
[17] Singh M. Protection coordination in distribution systems with and without distributed energy resources-a review. Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems 2017; 2 (1): 1-17. doi: 10.1186/s41601-017-0061-1
[18] Damborg MJ, Ramaswami R, Venkata SS, Postforoosh JM. Computer aided transmission protection system design part I: Alcorithms. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 1984; (1): 51-59. doi: 10.1109/TPAS.1984.318576
[19] Shah KR, Detjen ED, Phadke AG. Feasibility of adaptive distribution protection system using computer overcurrent relaying concept. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1988; 24 (5): 792-797. doi: 10.1109/28.8981
[20] Rashtchi V, Gholinezhad J, Farhang P. Optimal coordination of overcurrent relays using Honey Bee Algorithm. In: IEEE 2010 International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems; Moscow, Russia; 2010. pp. 401-405.
[21] Korashy A, Kamel S, Youssef AR, Jurado F. Modified water cycle algorithm for optimal direction overcurrent relays coordination. Applied Soft Computing 2019; 74: 10-25. doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2018.10.020
[22] Raza SA, Mahmood T, Bukhari SBA, Nawaz MK. Application of optimization techniques in overcurrent relay coordination-a review. World Applied Sciences Journal 2013; 28 (2): 259-265. doi:10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.28.02.12400
[23] Uthitsunthorn D, Pao-La-Or P, Kulworawanichpong T. Optimal overcurrent relay coordination using artificial bees colony algorithm. In: IEEE 2011 The 8th Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI); Khon Kaen, Thailand; 2011. pp. 901-904.
[24] So C, Li K, Lai K, Fung K. Application of genetic algorithm for overcurrent relay coordination. In: IET 1997 6th International Conference on Developments in Power Systems Protection; Nottingham, UK; 1997. pp. 66-69.
[25] Birla D, Maheshwari RP, Gupta H. A new nonlinear directional overcurrent relay coordination technique, and banes and boons of near-end faults based approach. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2006; 21 (3): 1176-1182. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2005.861325
[26] Gokhale S, Kale V. Application of the Firefly algorithm to optimal over-current relay coordination. In: IEEE 2014 International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM); Bran, Romania; 2014. pp. 150-154.
[27] Amraee T. Coordination of directional overcurrent relays using seeker algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2012; 27 (3): 1415-1422. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2012.2190107
[28] Papaspiliotopoulos VA, Kurashvili T, Korres GN. Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays in distribution systems with distributed generation based on a hybrid PSO-LP algorithm. In: IET 2014 MedPower; Athens, Greece; 2014. pp. 64-66.
[29] Radosavljević J, Jevtić M. Hybrid GSA-SQP algorithm for optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays. IET Generation, Transmission Distribution 2016; 10 (8): 1928-1937. doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.1223
[30] Noghabi AS, Sadeh J, Mashhadi HR. Considering different network topologies in optimal overcurrent relay coordination using a hybrid GA. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2009; 24 (4): 1857-1863. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2009.2029057
[31] Costa MH, Saldanha RR, Ravetti MG, Carrano EG. Robust coordination of directional overcurrent relays using a matheuristic algorithm. IET Generation, Transmission Distribution 2017; 11 (2): 464-474. doi: 10.1049/ietgtd.2016.1010
[32] Bedekar PP, Bhide SR. Optimum coordination of directional overcurrent relays using the hybrid GA-NLP approach. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2010; 26 (1): 109-119. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2080289
[33] Albasri FA, Alroomi AR, Talaq JH. Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays using biogeographybased optimization algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2015; 30 (4): 1810-1820. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2015.2406114
[34] Noghabi AS, Sadeh J, Mashhadi HR. Considering different network topologies in optimal overcurrent relay coordination using a hybrid GA. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2009; 24 (4): 1857-1863. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2009.2029057
[35] Bedekar PP, Bhide SR. Optimum coordination of directional overcurrent relays using the hybrid GA-NLP approach. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2010; 26 (1): 109-119. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2080289
[36] Rajput VN, Pandya KS. Coordination of directional overcurrent relays in the interconnected power systems using effective tuning of harmony search algorithm. Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems 2017; 15: 1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.suscom.2017.05.002
[37] Damchi Y, Dolatabadi M, Mashhadi HR, Sadeh J. MILP approach for optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays in interconnected power systems. Electric Power Systems Research 2018; 158: 267-274. doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2018.01.015
[38] Amraee T. Coordination of directional overcurrent relays using seeker algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2012; 27 (3): 1415-1422. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2012.2190107
[39] Mansour MM, Mekhamer SF, El-Kharbawe N. A modified particle swarm optimizer for the coordination of directional overcurrent relays. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2007; 22 (3): 1400-1410. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2007.899259
[40] Urdaneta AJ, Nadira R, Jimenez LP. Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays in interconnected power systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1988; 3 (3): 903-911. doi: 10.1109/61.193867
[41] Yadav P, Kumar R, Panda SK, Chang CS. An intelligent tuned harmony search algorithm for optimisation. Information Sciences 2012; 196: 47-72. doi: 10.1016/j.ins.2011.12.035
[42] Moravej Z, Adelnia F, Abbasi F. Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays using NSGA-II. Electric Power Systems Research 2015; 119: 228-236. doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2014.09.010
[43] Pabla AS. Electric Power Distribution. New York, USA: Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2012.
[44] Singh M, Panigrahi B, Abhyankar AR. Optimal coordination of directional over-current relays using teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithm. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2013; 50: 33-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.02.011
[45] Dwarakanath M, Nowitz L. An application of linear graph theory for coordination of directional overcurrent relays. In: SIAM 1980 Electric Power Problems-The Mathematical Challenge; Seattle, WA, USA; 1980. pp. 104-114.
[46] Jenkins L, Khincha H, Shivakumar S, Dash PK. An application of functional dependencies to the topological analysis of protection schemes. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1992; 7 (1): 77-83. doi: 10.1109/61.108892
[47] Birla D, Maheshwari RP, Gupta HO. Time-overcurrent relay coordination: a review. International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 2005; 2 (2). doi: 10.2202/1553-779X.1039
[48] Hussain MH, Rahim SRA, Musirin I. Optimal overcurrent relay coordination: a review. In: Procedia 2012 Engineering Malaysian Technical Universities Conference on Engineering & Technology(MUCET); Penang,Malaysia; 2012. pp. 332-336.
[49] Hussain M, Musirin I, Abidin A, Rahim SA. Solving directional overcurrent relay coordination problem using artificial bees colony. Engineering and Technology International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering 2014; 8: 766-771. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1092584
[50] Ezzeddine M, Kaczmarek R. A novel method for optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays considering their available discrete settings and several operation characteristics. Electric Power Systems Research 2011; 81 (7): 1475-1481. doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2011.02.014
[51] Abyaneh HA, Al-Dabbagh M, Karegar HK, Sadeghi SHH, Khan RJ. A new optimal approach for coordination of overcurrent relays in interconnected power systems. IEEE Transactions on power delivery 2003; 18 (2): 430-435. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2002.803754
[52] Ezzeddine M, Kaczmarek R, Iftikhar MU. Coordination of directional overcurrent relays using a novel method to select their settings. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 2011; 5 (7): 743-750.doi: 10.1049/ietgtd.2010.0603
[53] Norshahrani M, Mokhlis H, Bakar A, Halim A, Jamian JJ, Sukumar S. Progress on protection strategies to mitigate the impact of renewable distributed generation on distribution systems. Energies 2017; 10 (11): 1864. doi: 10.3390/en10111864
[54] Ehrenberger J, Švec J. Protection settings optimization in distributed generation system. In: IEEE 2016 International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON); Leuven, Belgium; 2016. pp. 1-6.
[55] Bouchekara H, Zellagui M, Abido MA. Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays using a modified electromagnetic field optimization algorithm. Applied Soft Computing 2017; 54: 267-283. doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2017.01.037
[56] Sharaf HM, Zeineldin H, Ibrahim DK, Essam EL. A proposed coordination strategy for meshed distribution systems with DG considering user-defined characteristics of directional inverse time overcurrent relays. Applied Soft Computing 2015; 65: 49-58. doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.09.028
[57] Razavi F, Abyaneh HA, Al-Dabbagh A, Mohammadi R, Torkaman HA. A new comprehensive genetic algorithm method for optimal overcurrent relays coordination. Electric Power Systems Research 2008; 78 (4): 713-720. doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2007.05.013
[58] Singh M, Panigrahi B, Abhyankar A. Optimal overcurrent relay coordination in distribution system. In: IEEE 2011 International Conference on Energy, Automation and Signal; Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India; 2011. pp. 1-6.
[59] Moravej Z, Jazaeri M, Gholamzadeh M. Optimal coordination of distance and over-current relays in series compensated systems based on MAPSO. Energy Conversion and Management 2012; 56: 140-151. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2011.11.024
[60] Bedekar PP, Bhide SR, Kale VS. Optimum time coordination of overcurrent relays in distribution system using big-M (penalty) method. WSEAS Transactions on Power Systems 2009; 4 (11): 341-350.
[61] Bedekar PP, Bhide SR, Kale VS. Determining optimum TMS and PS of overcurrent relays using linear programming technique. In: IEEE 2011 The 8th Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI); Khon Kaen, Thailand; 2011. pp. 700-703.
[62] Noghabi AS, Mashhadi HR, Sadeh J. Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays considering different network topologies using interval linear programming. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2010; 25 (3): 1348- 1354. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2041560
[63] So C, Li KK. Time coordination method for power system protection by evolutionary algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2000; 36 (5): 1235-1240. doi: 10.1109/28.871269
[64] Zeienldin H, El-Saadany E, Salama M. A novel problem formulation for directional overcurrent relay coordination. In: IEEE 2004 Large Engineering Systems Conference on Power Engineering; Halifax, NS, Canada; 2004. pp. 48-52.
[65] Aggarwal C, Mangalvedekar H, Chaudhari H. Effect of fault location on optimal coordination of directional over current relay. In: IEEE 2008 TENCON 2008-2008 IEEE Region 10 Conference; Hyderabad, India; 2008. pp. 1-5.
[66] Gholinezhad J, Mazlumi K, Farhang P. Overcurrent relay coordination using MINLP technique. In: IEEE 2011 19th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering; Tehran, Iran; 2011. pp. 1-6.
[67] Perez LG, Urdaneta AJ. Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays considering definite time backup relaying. Electric Power Systems Research 81 1999; 14 (4): 1276-1284. doi: 10.1109/61.796218
[68] Jamali S, Pourtandorost M. New approach to coordination of distance relay zone-2 with overcurrent protection using linear programming methods. In: IEEE 2004 39th International Universities Power Engineering Conference; Bristol, UK; 2004. pp. 827-831.
[69] Birla D, Maheshwari RP, Gupta HO. An approach to tackle the threat of sympathy trips in directional overcurrent relay coordination. IEEE Transactions on power delivery 2007; 22 (2): 851-858. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2007.893587
[70] So C, Li KK. Overcurrent relay coordination by evolutionary programming. Electrical Power System Research 2000; 53 (2): 83-90. doi: 10.1016/S0378-7796(99)00052-8
[71] Yinhong L, Dongyuan S, Xianzhong D. A study on optimal coordination of definite-time relay based on genetic algorithm. In: IEEE PES 2003 Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition; Dallas, TX, USA; 2003. pp. 279-284.
[72] Asadi M, Kouhsari S. Optimal overcurrent relays coordination using particle-swarm-optimization algorithm. In: IEEE/PES 2009 Power Systems Conference and Exposition; Seattle, WA, USA; 2009. pp. 1-7.
[73] Hussain M, Musirin I, Rahim, Abidin A, Azmi A. Optimal overcurrent relay coordination using particle swarm optimization. In: InECCE 2013 International Conference on Electrical, Control and Computer Engineering (InECCE 2013); Pahang, Malaysia; 2013, pp. 42-47.
[74] Zeineldin H, El-Saadany EF, Salama MMA. Optimal coordination of overcurrent relays using a modified particle swarm optimization. Electric Power Systems Research 2006; 76 (11): 988-995. doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2005.12.001
[75] Rathinam A, Sattianadan D, Vijayakumar K. Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays using particle swarm optimization technique. International Journal of Computer Applications 2010; 10 (2): 43-47. doi: 10.5120/1451-1762
[76] Yang H, Wen F, Ledwich G. Optimal coordination of overcurrent relays in distribution systems with distributed generators based on differential evolution algorithm. International transactions on electrical energy systems 2013; 23 (1): 1-12. doi: 10.1002/etep.635
[77] Yang M, Luo C. Optimization Theory, Method and Solution Software. Beijing: Science Press, 2006.
[78] Kida AA, Rivas AEL, Gallego LA. An improved simulated annealing–linear programming hybrid algorithm applied to the optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays. Electric Power Systems Research 2020; 181: 106197. doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106197
[79] Zellagui M, Abdelaziz AY. Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays using hybrid PSO-DE algorithm. International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ) 2015; 6 (4): 1841-1849.
[80] Al-Roomi AR, El-Hawary ME. Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays using hybrid BBO/DE algorithm and considering double primary relays strategy. In: IEEE 2016 Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC); Ottawa, ON, Canada; 2016. pp. 1-7.
[81] Al-Roomi AR, El-Hawary ME. Optimal coordination of double primary directional overcurrent relays using a new combinational BBO/DE algorithm. Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2019; 42 (3): 135-147. doi: 10.1109/CJECE.2018.2802461
[82] Khurshaid T, Wadood A, Farkoush SG, Yu J, Kim CH et al. An improved optimal solution for the directional overcurrent relays coordination using hybridized whale optimization algorithm in complex power systems. IEEE Access 2019; 7: 90418-90435. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2925822
[83] Karupiah S, Hussain M, Musirin I, Rahim SRA. Prediction of overcurrent relay miscoordination time using urtificial neural network. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 2019; 14 (1): 319-326. doi: 10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i1.pp319-326
[84] Emmanuel O, Othman ML, Hizam H, Rezaei N, Othman MM. Time-current characteristic curve prediction for directional overcurrent relays in interconnected network using artificial neural network. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2015; 10 (1): 10679-10685.
[85] Daryani MJ, Karkevandi AE, Usta Ö. A Hybrid Approach for Microgrid Protection System Based on Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic. In: IEEE 2019 PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe); Bucharest, Romania; 2019. pp. 1-5.
[86] Fucai L, Tao C, Qiuting G, Yuchen Q, Wei H. Design and implementation of intelligent dispatching operation strategy platform for power grid with UHV. In: IEEE 2019 Innovative Smart Grid Technologies-Asia (ISGT Asia); Chengdu, China; 2019. pp. 3788-3792.
[87] Ross KJ, Hopkinson KM, Pachter M. Using a distributed agent-based communication enabled special protection system to enhance smart grid security. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2013; 4 (2): 1216-1224. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2013.2238261
[88] Lu J, Xie D, Ai Q. Research on smart grid in China. In: IEEE 2009 Transmission & Distribution Conference & Exposition: Asia and Pacific; Seoul, Korea; 2009. pp. 1-4.
[89] Gellings C. Using a smart grid to evolve a reliable power system. In: IEEE 2010 International Reliability Physics Symposium; Anaheim, CA, USA; 2010. pp. 1-2.
[90] Sun DQ, Zheng JW, Zhang T, Zhang ZJ, Liu HT et al. The utilization and development strategies of smart grid and new energy. In: IEEE 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference; Chengdu, China; 2010. pp. 1-4.
[91] Karegar HK, Abyaneh HA, Ohis V, Meshkin M. Pre-processing of the optimal coordination of overcurrent relays. Electric Power Systems Research 2005; 75 (2-3): 134-141. doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2005.02.005
[92] Ezzeddine M, Kaczmarek R. Reduction of effect of coordination constraints in the linear optimization of operating times of overcurrent relays. In: IEEE 2008 The 14th IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference; Ajaccio, France; 2008. pp. 707-712.
[93] Tjahjono A, Anggriawan DO, Priyadi A, Pujiantara M, Purnomo MH. Digital overcurrent relay with conventional curve modeling using Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation. In: IEEE 2015 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA); Surabaya, Indonesia; 2015. pp. 171-176.
[94] Bougouffa L, Chaghi A. Optimal coordination time interval for DOCRs in presence of D-FACTS. In: IEEE 2018 5th International Congress on Information Science and Technology (CiSt); Marrakech, Morocco; 2018. pp. 477-480.
[95] Singh DK, Gupta S. Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays: A genetic algorithm approach. In: IEEE 2012 Students’ Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science; Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; 2012. pp. 1-4.
[96] Bedekar PP, Bhide SR. Optimum coordination of overcurrent relay timing using continuous genetic algorithm. Expert Systems with Applications 2011; 38 (9): 11286-11292. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2011.02.177
[97] Wadood A, Kim CH, Khurshiad T, Farkoush SG, Rhee SB. Application of a continuous particle swarm optimization (CPSO) for the optimal coordination of overcurrent relays considering a penalty method. Energies 2018; 11 (4): 869. doi: 10.3390/en11040869
[98] Zellagui M, Hassan HA. A hybrid optimization algorithm (IA-PSO) for optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays in meshed power systems. WSEAS Transactions on Power Systems 2015; 10: 240-250.
[99] Darabi A, Bagheri M, Gharehpetian GB. Highly accurate directional overcurrent coordination via combination of Rosen’s gradient projection–complex method with GA-PSO algorithm. IEEE Systems Journal 2019; 14 (1): 1171-1182. doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2019.2904383
[100] Liu A, Yang MT. A new hybrid nelder-mead particle swarm optimization for coordination optimization of directional overcurrent relays. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012; 18: 1-18. doi: 10.1155/2012/456047
[101] Sulaiman M, Ahmad A, Khan A, Muhammad S. Hybridized symbiotic organism search algorithm for the optimal operation of directional overcurrent relays. Complexity 2018; 11: 1-11. doi: 10.1155/2018/4605769
[102] Saberi H, Amraee T. Coordination of directional over-current relays in active distribution networks using generalised benders decomposition. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 2017; 11 (16): 4078-4086. doi: 10.1049/ietgtd.2017.0434
[103] Mahari A, Seyedi H. An analytic approach for optimal coordination of overcurrent relays.IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 2013; 7 (7): 674-680. doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2012.0721
[104] Alam M. Adaptive protection coordination scheme using numerical directional overcurrent relays. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 2018; 15 (1): 64-73. doi: 10.1109/TII.2018.2834474
[105] Kumar DS, Srinivasan D, Reindl T. A fast and scalable protection scheme for distribution networks with distributed generation. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2015; 31 (1): 67-75. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2015.2464107
[106] Tjahjono A, Anggriawan DO, Priyadi A, Pujiantara M, Purnomo MH. Overcurrent relay curve modeling and its application in the real industrial power systems using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system. In: IEEE 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Virtual Environments for Measurement Systems and Applications (CIVEMSA); Shenzhen, China; 2015. pp. 1-6.
[107] Sahrin A, Tjahjono A, Pujiantara M, Purnomo MH. The modeling of directional overcurrent relay in loop system using cascade forward neural network. In: IEEE 2017 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA); Surabaya, Indonesia; 2017. pp. 69-74.
[108] Anggriawan DO, Prasetyono E, Fahrisi F, Budikarso A, Tjahjono A et al. Digital overcurrent relay implementation with non-standard inverse curve modelling using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system. In: IEEE 2019 International Conference of Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology (ICAIIT); Yogyakarta, Indonesia; 2019. pp. 327- 330.
[109] Zare O, Galvani S, Farsadi M. Robust optimal operation of smart distribution grids with renewable based generators. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences 2020; 28: 799-820. doi: 10.3906/elk-1901-182
[110] Ahmad AS, Adamu SS, Buhari M. Available transfer capability enhancement with FACTS using hybrid PI-PSO. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences 2019; 27: 2881-2897. doi:10.3906/elk-1812-54