İhsan PEHLİVAN, Akif AKGÜL, Selçuk COŞKUN, Bilal GÜREVİN

A new computer-controlled platform for ADC-based true random number generator and its applications

The basis of encryption techniques is random number generators (RNGs). The application areas of cryptologyare increasing in number due to continuously developing technology, so the need for RNGs is increasing rapidly, too. RNGscan be divided into two categories as pseudorandom number generator (PRNGs) and true random number generator(TRNGs). TRNGs are systems that use unpredictable and uncontrollable entropy sources and generate random numbers.During the design of TRNGs, while analog signals belonging to the used entropy sources are being converted to digitaldata, generally comparators, flip-flops, Schmitt triggers, and ADCs are used. In this study, a computer-controllednew and flexible platform to find the most appropriate system parameters in ADC-based TRNG designs is designedand realized. As a sample application with this new platform, six different TRNGs that use three different outputsof Zhongtang, which is a continuous time chaotic system, as an entropy source are designed. Random number seriesgenerated with the six designed TRNGs are put through the NIST800–22 test, which has the internationally higheststandards, and they pass all tests. With the help of the new platform designed, ADC-based high-quality TRNGs can bedeveloped fast and also without the need for expertise. The platform has been designed to decide which entropy sourceand parameter are better by comparing them before complex embedded TRNG designs. In addition, this platform canbe used for educational purposes to explain how to work an ADC-based TRNG. That is why it can be utilized as anexperiment set in engineering education, as well.

PDF

___

[1] Menezes AJ, Paul C, Van O, Scott AV. Handbook of Applied Cryptography. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 1996.
[2] Koç CK. Cryptographic Engineering. Boston, MA, USA: Springer, 2009.
[3] Zhao L, Liao X, Xiao D, Xiang T, Zhou Q, Duan S. TRNG from mobile telephone photo based on chaotic cryptography. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 2009; 42: 1692-1699.
[4] Cavusoglu U, Akgul A, Kacar S, Pehlivan I, Zengin A. A novel chaos-based encryption algorithm over TCP data packet for secure communication. Security and Communicatıon Networks 2016; 9: 1285-1296.
[5] Hellman ME. An overview of public key cryptography. IEEE Communications 2002; 16: 42-49.
[6] Ergün S, Özoğuz S. TRNGs based on a non-autonomous chaotic oscillator. International Journal of Electronics and Communications 2007; 61: 235-242.
[7] Angulo JAA, Kussenar E, Barthelemy H, Duval B. A new oscillator-based RNG. IEEE Faible Tension Faible Consommation 2012; 1-4.
[8] Kocarev L, Jakimoski G. Pseudorandom bits generated by chaotic maps. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I 2003; 50: 123-126.
[9] Avaroğlu E, Türk M. Son işlemin gerçek rasgele sayı üreteçleri üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi. In: 6th International Information Security and Cryptology Conference, ISCTURKEY 2013. pp. 290-294 (in Turkish).
[10] Merah L, Ali A, Said N, Mamat M. A pseudo random number generator based on the chaotic system of Chua’s circuit, and its real time FPGA implementation. Applied Mathematical Sciences 2013; 7: 2719-2734.
[11] Zeng K, Yang C, Wei D, Rao TRN. Pseudorandom bit generators in stream-cipher cryptography. Computer 1991; 24: 8-17.
[12] Akram R, Konstantinos M, Keith M. Pseudorandom number generation in smart cards: an implementation, performance and randomness analysis. In: 2012 5th International Conference on NTMS, 2012. pp. 1-7.
[13] Callegari S, Rovatti R, Setti G. Embeddable ADC-based true random number generator for cryptographic applications exploiting nonlinear signal processing and chaos. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 2005; 53: 793-805.
[14] Bucci M, Germani L, Luzzi R, Tommasino P, Trifiletti A, Varanonuovo M. A high-speed IC random-number source for smart card microcontrollers. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I 2003; 50: 1373-1380.
[15] Sobotka J, Zeman V. Design of the true random numbers generator. Elektrorevue 2011; 2: 1-6.
[16] Murphy JP. Field-programmable true random number generator. Electronics Letters 2012; 48: 565-566.
[17] Wang L, Meilin W, Kui D, Xuecheng Z. Scalable truly random number generator. In: Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2015. p. 1.
[18] Yalçın M, Suyken J, Vandewalle J. True random bit generation from a double scroll attractor. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems 2004; 51: 1395-1404.
[19] Yıldırım S, Bazlaccı C. A true random number generator and test platform built in FPGA. In: International Information Security and Cryptology Conference, ISCTURKEY 2012, pp. 262-267.
[20] Petrie CS, Connelly JA. A noise-based IC RNG for applications in cryptography. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I 2000; 47: 615-621.
[21] Holman WT, Connelly JA, Dowlatabadi AB. An integrated analog/digital random noise source. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I 1997; 44: 521-528.
[22] Zhun H, Hongyi C. A truly random number generator based on thermal noise. In: IEEE Proceedings of 4th International Conference on ASIC, 2001. pp. 862-864.
[23] Li C, Pehlivan I, Sproot JC, Akgul A. A novel four-wing strange attractor born in bistablity. IEICE Electronics Express 2015; 12: 1-12.
[24] Wei Z, Pehlivan I. Chaos, coexisting attractors, and circuit design of the generalized Sprott C system with only two stable equilibria. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials–Rapid Communications 2012; 6: 742–745.
[25] Li C, Pehlivan I, Sproot JC. Amplitude-phase control of a novel chaotic attractor. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences 2016; 1: 1-11.
[26] Akgul A, Calgan H, Koyuncu I, Pehlivan I, Istanbullu A. Chaos-based engineering applications with a 3D chaotic system without equilibrium points. Nonlinear Dynamics 2016; 84: 481-495.
[27] Akgul A, Shafqat H, Pehlivan I. A new three-dimensional chaotic system, its dynamical analysis and electronic circuit applications. International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 2016; 127: 7062–7071.
[28] Akgul A, Pehlivan I. A new three-dimensional chaotic system without equilibrium points, its dynamical analyses and electronic circuit application. Technical Gazette 2016; 23: 209-214.
[29] Addison PS. Fractals and Chaos. An Illustrated Course. London, UK: IOP Publishing Limited, 1997.
[30] Hilborn RC. Chaos and Nonlinear Dynamics. An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1994.
[31] Koyuncu I, Ozcerit AT, Pehlivan I. An analog circuit design and FPGA-based implementation of the Burke-Shaw chaotic system. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials–Rapid Communications 2013; 7: 635–638.
[32] Akgul A, Moroz I, Vaidyanathan S, Pehlivan I. A new four-scroll chaotic attractor and its engineering applications. OPTIK 2016; 13: 5491-5499.
[33] Pehlivan I. Yeni kaotik sistemler: elektronik devre gerçeklemeleri, senkronizasyon ve güvenli haberleşme uygulamaları. PhD, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey, 2007 (in Turkish).
[34] Stojanovski T, Kocarev L. Chaos-based random number generators-part I: analysis. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems 2001; 48: 281-288.
[35] Von Neumann J. Various techniques used in connection with random digits. Applied Math Series, Notes by G. E. Forsythe, in National Bureau of Standards 1951; 12: 6-38.
[36] Dichtl M. Bad and good ways of post-processing biased physical random numbers. Fast Software Encryption Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2007; 4593: 137-152.
[37] Pareshi F, Setti G, Rovatti R. A fast chaos-based true random number generator for cryptographic applications. In: ESSCIRC 2006, Proceedings of the 32nd European Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2006. pp. 130-133.
[38] Avaroğlu E, Tuncer T, Özer AB, Ergen B, Türk M. A novel chaos-based post-processing for TRNG. Nonlinear Dynamics 2015; 81: 189-199.
[39] Avaroğlu E, Koyuncu İ, Özer AB, Türk M. Hybrid pseudo-random number generator for cryptographic systems. Nonlinear Dynamics 2015; 82: 239-248.
[40] Tuncer T, Avaroglu E, Türk M, Ozer AB. Implementation of non-periodic sampling true random number generator on FPGA. Informacije MIDEM 2015; 44: 296-302.
[41] Avaroğlu E. Pseudorandom number generator based on Arnold cat map and statistical analysis. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences 2017; 25: 633-643.
[42] Özkaynak F. Cryptographically secure random number generator with chaotic additional input. Nonlinear Dynamics 2014; 78: 2015-2020.
[43] Özkaynak F, Yavuz S. Security problems for a pseudorandom sequence generator based on the Chen chaotic system. Computer Physics Communications 2013; 184: 2178-2181.
[44] Tuna M, Fidan CB. A Study on the importance of chaotic oscillators based on FPGA for true random number generating (TRNG) and chaotic systems. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University 2018; 33: 469-486.
[45] L’Ecuyer P, Simard R. TestU01: AC library for empirical testing of random number generators. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 2007; 33: 22.
[46] Renyi A. On the theory of order statistics. Acta Mathematica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 1953; 4: 191.
[47] Pareschi F, Rovatti R, Setti G. Second-level NIST randomness tests for improving test reliability. In: IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, New Orleans, LA, USA, 2007. pp. 1437-1440.
[48] Pareschi F, Rovatti R, Setti G. On statistical tests for randomness included in the NIST SP800-22 test suite and based on the binomial distribution. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 2012; 7: 491-505.
[49] Rukhin A, Soto J, Nechvatal J, Smid M, Barker EA. Statistical test suite for random and pseudo RNGs for cryptographic applications. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Booz-Allen and Hamilton Inc., McLean, VA, USA 2001.
[50] Sarkar D, Chowdhury A. Low cost and efficient ECG measurement system using PIC18F4550 microcontroller. In: Electronic Design, Computer Networks and Automated Verification (IEEE EDCAV), 2015. pp. 6-11.
[51] Pehlivan I. Four-scroll stellate new chaotic system. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials-Rapid Communications 2011; 5: 1003-1006.
[52] Pehlivan I, Uyaroğlu Y. A new 3D chaotic system with golden proportion equilibria: analysis and electronic circuit realization. Computers & Electrical Engineering 2012; 38: 1777-1784.
[53] Zhongtang W, Wang M, Jianxiu J, Jiuchap F. A novel strange attractor and its dynamic analysis. Journal of Multimedia 2014; 9: 408-415.
[54] Cuomo KM, Oppenheim AV. Circuit implementation of synchronized chaos with applications to communication. Physical Review Letters 1997; 71: 65-68.
[55] Coşkun S, Tuncel S, Pehlivan I, Akgül A. Microcontroller-controlled electronic circuit for fast modelling of chaotic circuits. Electronics World 2015; 121: 24-25.