Active filter solutions in energy systems

Recent developments in power electronics have increased the usage of nonlinear loads in energy systems. With increases in the usage of semiconductor-sourced nonlinear loads, the adverse effects of harmonics-sensitive loads (e.g., protection control circuits and circuit breakers) have also increased. Generally, the negative effects of harmonics in power systems include the following: increased power losses; motor, generator, and transformer overheating; faulty operation of measurement and protection systems; lifetime shortening of electrical components; and parallel and series resonance problems. Therefore, harmonics has become a serious problem in current power electronics systems. However, harmonics can be reduced, particularly through drainage using filters. In this study, some power losses were detected in different facilities in the city of Van, Turkey, on the basis of the variable measurements (e.g., instantaneous electrical values, harmonics, flow, and voltage waveforms) obtained using ZERA MT 310 power analyzers. The harmonics causing these power losses were examined. Some simulation results for active filters were evaluated, and the overall effects of the harmonics are discussed. Shunt active power filter (SAPF) simulation was conducted using Simplorer 6.0, which is known to produce successful results in power electronics simulation applications. SAPF simulation requires the use of measurement points. This utilization of SAPF simulation has demonstrated that voltage drop and power loss in power distribution systems can be reduced. However, it was found that owing to their structure, semiconductor components produce harmonics and consume power.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Power quality, harmonics, active filter, distribution system

Active filter solutions in energy systems

Keywords:

Power quality, harmonics, active filter, distribution system,

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Owing to harmonic eﬀects, the output voltage and current were found to be unstable for the unfiltered conditions. The output voltage varied in the range 500–540 V for the unfiltered conditions, but remained stable at 520 V when the SAPF was in use. Changes in voltage are apparent in Figures 10, 19, and 28, and the observed decreases in the number of voltage change points and the increasing stability of the voltage indicate that harmonics have been removed from the system.
Theoretically calculated values of voltage and power could not be measured at the output. This was because although the IGBTs remove harmonics from the system, they also produce harmonics and consume power. Ripples in the voltage and current waveforms were observed after the triggering of the IGBTs; these ripples entered the system as harmonics and consumed power.
Simulation was performed using Simplorer 6.0, resulting in savings in cost, time, and labor requirements. The filter’s system response can be changed by modifying the simulation conditions.
In our study, the SAPF simulation circuit components were determined by trial and error. However, in future studies, intelligent optimization techniques can be used to determine the optimum circuit components. In addition, removal of the ripples that occur during the triggering of the semiconductor IGBTs used inside the SAPF circuit, depending on their current direction, should be investigated in future studies. In this manner, the eﬀects of harmonics on the system can be minimized.
The proposed SAPF can lock the harmonic load currents or unbalanced nonlinear load currents internally, such that the supply side always delivers three-phase balanced sinusoidal currents with unity power factor under all conditions.
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