The discovery of a low-angle normal fault in the Taurus Mountains: the İvriz detachment and implications concerning the Cenozoic geology of southern Turkey
The discovery of a low-angle normal fault in the Taurus Mountains: the İvriz detachment and implications concerning the Cenozoic geology of southern Turkey
The İvriz detachment fault has been determined on the southern border of the Ulukışla basin separating the metamorphicBolkar Group of the Taurus Mountains and the Paleocene-Lower Eocene Halkapınar formation of basin deposits. The fault dips towardsthe north and has kinematic indicators (asymmetric grain/grain aggregate porphyroclasts, oblique foliation, and S-C fabrics), suggestinga top-to-the-N-NE sense of shearing. The clastic material originating from the Bolkar Group in the sedimentary units of the Ulukışlabasin demonstrates that the detachment fault could have been be active during Latest Cretaceous-Eocene times. The İvriz detachmentmay have initiated as part of a high-angle breakaway fault (the Aydos main breakaway fault) in the south of the Ulukışla basin. Thebreakaway fault then rotated to a low-angle normal fault and its northern continuation played an important role in the exhumation ofthe Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex. This implies that the Upper Cretaceous-Eocene sedimentary basins in central Anatolia weresupradetachment basins rather than collision- or arc-related basins as previously suggested.
___
- Advokaat EL, van Hinsbergen DJJ, Kaymakçı N, Vissers RLM, Hendriks BWH (2014). Late Cretaceous extension and Palaeogene rotation-related contraction in Central Anatolia recorded in the Ayhan-Büyükkışla basin. Int Geol Rev 56: 1813-1836.
- Alan İ, Bakırhan B, Elibol H (2011a). MTA Genel Müdürlüğü, 1:100 000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Serisi, Karaman-N32 Paftası, No:165. Ankara, Turkey: MTA Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi (in Turkish).
- Alan İ, Şahin Ş, Bakırhan B (2011b). MTA Genel Müdürlüğü, 1:100 000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Serisi, Adana-N33 Paftası, No:166. Ankara, Turkey: MTA Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi (in Turkish).
- Alan İ, Şahin Ş, Keskin H, Altun İ, Bakırhan B, Balcı V, Böke N, Saçlı L, Pehlivan Ş, Kop A et al. (2007). Orta Torosların Jeodinamik Evrim, Ereğli (Konya)-Ulukışla (Niğde)-Karsantı (Adana)- Namrun (İçel) yöresi. Ankara, Turkey: MTA Genel Müdürlüğü (in Turkish).
- Alpaslan M, Boztuğ D, Frei R, Temel A, Kurt MA (2006). Geochemical and PbSrNd isotopic composition of the ultrapotassic volcanic rocks from the extension-related Çamardı-Ulukışla basin, Niğde province, central Anatolia, Turkey. J Asian Earth Sci 27: 613-627.
- Alpaslan M, Frei R, Boztuğ D, Kurt MA, Temel A (2004). Geochemical and Pb-Sr-Nd isotopic constraints indicating an enriched- mantle source for Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary volcanism, central Anatolia, Turkey. Int Geol Rev 46: 1022-1041.
- Atabey E, Göncüoğlu MC, Turhan N (1990). MTA Genel Müdürlüğü, 1:100 000 Ölçekli Açınsama Nitelikli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Serisi, Kozan-J19 Paftası, No: 33. Ankara, Turkey: MTA Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi (in Turkish).
- Blumenthal M (1941). Niğde ve Adana Vilayetleri Dahilindeki Torosların Jeolojisine Umumi Bir Bakış. MTA Enstitüsü Seri B, No 6. Ankara, Turkey: MTA (in Turkish).
- Blumenthal MM (1956). Yüksek Bolkardağın Kuzey Kenar Bölgelerinin Ve Batı Uzantılarının Jeolojisi. MTA Yayını, Seri D, No 7. Ankara, Turkey: MTA (in Turkish).
- Bozkurt E, Park LR (1994). Southern Menderes Massif: an incipient metamorphic core complex in western Anatolia, Turkey. J Geol Soc London 151: 213-216.
- Boztuğ D, Jonckheere RC (2007). Apatite fission-track data from central Anatolian granitoids (Turkey): constraints on Neo- Tethyan closure. Tectonics 26: TC3011.
- Boztuğ D, Jonckheere RC, Heizler, M, Ratschbacher L, Harlavan Y, Tichomirova M (2009). Timing of post-obduction granitoids from intrusion through cooling to exhumation in central Anatolia, Turkey. Tectonophysics 473: 223-233.
- Brunn JH, Dumont JF, Graciansky PD, Guntic M, Juteau T, Marcoux J, Monod O, Poisson A (1971). Outline of the geology of the western Taurids. In: Campbell AS, editor. Geology and History of Turkey. Tripoli, Libya: Petroleum Exploration Society of Libya, pp. 225-255.
- Buck WR (1988). Flexural rotation of normal faults. Tectonics 7: 959- 973.
- Çalapkulu F (1980). Horoz granodiyoritinin jeolojik incelemesi. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 23: 59-68 (in Turkish).
- Clark M, Robertson A (2002). The role of the Early Tertiary Ulukışla basin, Southern Turkey, in suturing of the Mesozoic Tethys ocean. J Geol Soc London 159: 673-690.
- Clark M, Robertson A (2005). Uppermost Cretaceous - Lower Tertiary Ulukışla basin, south-central Turkey: sedimentary evolution of part of a unified basin complex within an evolving Neotethyan suture zone. Sediment Geol 173: 15-51.
- Davis G (1980). Structural characteristics of metamorphic core complexes, southern Arizona. In: Crittenden MD Jr, Coney PJ, Davis GH, editors. Cordilleran Metamorphic Core Complexes. Boulder, CO, USA; Geological Society of America, pp. 35-78.
- Davis GA, Lister GS (1988). Detachment faulting in continental extension: perspectives from Southwestern U.S. Cordillera. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 218: 133-159.
- Demirtaşlı E, Bilgin AZ, Erenler F, Işıklar S, Sanlı Y, Dilaver, Selim M, Turhan N (1975). Bolkardağlarının jeolojisi. In: Cumhuriyetin 50. Yılı, Yer Bilimleri Kongresi Tebliğler Kitabı. Ankara, Turkey: MTA, pp. 42-57 (in Turkish).
- Demirtaşlı, E, Turhan N, Bilgin AZ, Selim M (1984). Geology of the Bolkar Mountains. In: Tekeli O, Göncüoğlu MC, editors. Geology of the Taurus Belt Proceedings International Symposium on the Geology of the Taurus Belt. Ankara, Turkey: MTA, pp. 125-142.
- Demirtaşlı E, Turhan N, Bilgin AZ, Selim M (1986). Bolkardağları ile Ereğli-Ulukışla havzasının genel jeolojisi. MTA Raporu No: 8097. Ankara, Turkey: MTA (in Turkish).
- Dilek Y, Whitney DL, Tekeli O (1999). Links between tectonic processes and landscape morphology in an Alpine collision zone, south-central Turkey. Z Geomorphol NF Suppl-Bd 118: 147-164.
- Eren Y (2000). Geology of the basement rocks in the southwest of the Tuzgölü basin (Altınekin-Konya). In: Workshop on Haymana- Tuzgölü-Ulukışla basins. Ankara, Turkey: Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists, pp. 113-126.
- Fayon AK, Whitney DL, Teyssier C, Garver JI, Dilek Y (2001). Effects of plate convergence obliquity on timing and mechanisms of exhumation of a mid-crustal terrain, the central Anatolian Crystalline Complex. Earth Planet Sci Lett 192: 191-205.
- Flecker RM, Robertson AHF, Poisson A, Müller C (1995). Facies and tectonic significance of two contrasting Miocene basins in south coastal Turkey. Terra Nova 7: 221-232.
- Gautier P, Bozkurt E, Bosse V, Hallot E, Dirik K (2008). Coeval extensional shearing and lateral underflow during Late Cretaceous core complex development in the Niğde Massif, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Tectonics 27: TC1003.
- Gautier P, Bozkurt E, Hallot E, Dirik K (2002). Dating the exhumation of a metamorphic dome: geological evidence for pre-Eocene unroofing of the Niğde Massif (Central Anatolia, Turkey). Geol Mag 139: 559-576.
- Gessner K, Ring U, Johnson C, Hetzel R, Passchier CW, Güngör T (2001). An active bivergent rolling-hinge detachment system: Central Menderes metamorphic core complex in western Turkey. Geology 29: 611-614.
- Görür N, Oktay FY, Seymen, İ, Şengör AMC (1984). Palaeotectonic evolution of the Tuzgölü basin complex, central Turkey: sedimentary record of a Neo-Tethyan closure. In: Dixon JE, Robertson AHF, editors. The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. London, UK: Geological Society of London, pp. 467-482.
- Görür N, Tüysüz O, Şengör AMC (1998). Tectonic evolution of the Central Anatolian basins. Int Geol Rev 40: 831-850.
- Gül MA, Çuhadır Ö, Öztaş Y, Alkan H, Efeçınar T (1984) Bolkardağı- Belemedik Yöresinin Jeolojisi ve Petrol Olanakları. TPAO Rapor No: 1972. Ankara, Turkey: TPAO (in Turkish).
- Gürbüz E (2016). Late Cenozoic Evolution of the Ulukışla Basin. PhD, Aksaray University, Turkey (in Turkish with English abstract).
- Gürer D, van Hinsbergen, DJJ, Matenco L, Corfu F, Cascella A (2016). Kinematics of a former oceanic plate of the Neotethys revealed by deformation in the Ulukışla basin (Turkey). Tectonics 35: 23852416.
- Gürer ÖF, Aldanmaz E (2002). Origin of the Cretaceous-Tertiary sedimentary basins within the Tauride-Anatolide platform in Turkey. Geol Mag 139: 191-197.
- Hakyemez HY, Elibol E, Umut M, Bakırhan B, Kara L, Dağıstan H, Metin T, Erdoğan N (1992). Konya-Çumra-Akören Dolayının Jeolojisi: MTA Raporu No: 9449. Ankara, Turkey: MTA (in Turkish).
- Hetzel R, Passchier CW, Ring U, Dora ÖO (1995). Bivergent extension in orogenic belts: the Menderes massif (southwestern Turkey). Geology 23: 455-458.
- Işık V (2009). The ductile shear zone in granitoid of the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Turkey: Implications for the origins of the Tuzgölü basin during the Late Cretaceous extensional deformation. J Asian Earth Sci 34: 507-521.
- Işık V, Lo CH, Göncüoğlu C, Demirel S (2008). 39 Ar/ 40 Ar ages from the Yozgat batholith: preliminary data on the timing of Late Cretaceous extension in the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Turkey. J Geol 116: 510-526.
- Işık V, Seyitoğlu G, Çemen İ (2003). Ductile-brittle transition along the Alasehir shear zone and its structural relationship with the Simav detachment, Menderes massif, western Turkey. Tectonophysics 374: 1-18.
- Işık V, Tekeli O (2001). Late orogenic crustal extension in the northern Menderes massif (western Turkey): Evidences for metamorphic core complex formation. Int J Earth Sci 89: 757- 765.
- Işık V, Tekeli O, Seyitoğlu G (2004). The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age of extensional ductile deformation and granitoid intrusions in the northern Menderes core complex: Implications for the initiation of extensional tectonics in western Turkey. J Asian Earth Sci 23: 555-566.
- Işık V, Uysal IT, Çağlayan A, Seyitoğlu G (2014). The evolution of intraplate fault systems in central Turkey: Structural evidence and Ar-Ar and Rb-Sr age constrains for the Savcılı Fault Zone. Tectonics 33: 1875-1899.
- Jaffey N, Robertson A, (2005). Non-marine sedimentation associated with Oligocene-Recent exhumation and uplift of the Central Taurus Mountains, S Turkey. Sediment Geol 173: 53-89.
- Ji M, Liu J, Hu L, Shen L, Guan H (2015). Evolving magma sources during continental lithospheric extension: Insights from the Liaonan metamorphic core complex, eastern North China craton. Tectonophysics 647: 48-62.
- Jolivet L, Brun JP (2010). Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Aegean. Int J Earth Sci 99: 109-138.
- Kadıoğlu YK, Dilek Y (2010). Structure and geochemistry of the adakitic Horoz granitoid, Bolkar Mountains, south-central Turkey, and its tectonomagmatic evolution. Int Geol Rev 52: 505-535.
- Koçyiğit A (2003). Orta Anadolunun genel neotektonik özellikleri ve depremselliği. TPJD Bülteni Özel Sayı 5: 1-26.
- Köksal S, Möller A, Göncüoğlu MC, Frei D, Gerdes A (2012). Crustal homogenization revealed by U-Pb zircon ages and Hf isotope evidence from the Late Cretaceous granitoids of the Ağaçören intrusive suite (Central Anatolia/Turkey). Contrib Mineral Petrol 163: 725-743.
- Kuşçu İ, Gençalioğlu-Kuşçu G, Saraç C, Meinert LD (2004). An approach to geochemical characterization of productive versus barren granitoids in terms of iron in Central Turkey. J Asian Earth Sci 24: 311-325.
- Lefebvre C (2011). The tectonics of the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex: a structural, metamorphic and paleomagnetic study. PhD, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
- Lefebvre C, Barnhoorn A, van Hinsbergen DJJ, Kaymakçı N, Vissers RLM (2011). Late Cretaceous extensional denudation along a marble detachment fault zone in the Kırşehir massif near Kaman, central Turkey. J Struct Geol 33: 1220-1236.
- Lefebvre C, Meijers MJM, Kaymakçı N, Peynircioğlu A, Langereis CG, van Hinsbergen DJJ (2013). Reconstructing the geometry of central Anatolia during the late Cretaceous: Large-scale Cenozoic rotations and deformation between the Pontides and Taurides. Earth Planet Sci Lett 366: 83-98.
- Lefebvre C, Peters MK, Wehrens PC, Brouwer FM, van Roermund HLM (2015). Thermal history and extensional exhumation of a high-temperature crystalline complex (Hırkadağ massif, Central Anatolia). Lithos 238: 156-173.
- Lister GS, Banga G, Feensta A (1984). Metamorphic core complexes of Cordilleran type in the Cyclades, Aegean Sea, Greece. Geology 12: 221-225.
- Lister GS, Davis GA (1989). The origin of metamorphic core complexes and detachment faults formed during Tertiary continental extension in the northern Colorado River region, USA. J Struct Geol 11: 65-94.
- Malavieille J (1993). Late orogenic extension in mountain belts: insights from the Basin and Range and the late Paleozoic Variscan belt. Tectonics 12: 1115-1130.
- Meijers MJM, Strauss BE, Özkaptan M, Feinberg JM, Mulch A, Whitney DL, Kaymakçı N (2016). Age and paleoenvironmental reconstruction of partially remagnetized lacustrine sedimentary rocks (Oligocene Aktoprak basin, central Anatolia, Turkey). Geochem Geophy Geosys 17: 914-939.
- Nairn SP, Robertson AHF, Ünlügenç UC, Taşlı K, İnan N (2013). Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Upper Cretaceous- Cenozoic central Anatolian basins: an integrated study of diachronous ocean basin closure and continental collision. In: Robertson AHF, Parlak O, Ünlügenç UC, editors. Geological Development of Anatolia and the Easternmost Mediterranean Region. London, UK: Geological Society of London, pp. 343- 384.
- Nazik A, Gökçen N, (1989). Ulukışla Tersiyer istifinin foraminifer ve ostracod faunasına göre stratigrafik konumu. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 32: 89-99 (in Turkish).
- Oktay FY (1982). Ulukışla ve çevresinin stratigrafisi ve jeolojik evrimi. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 25: 15-23 (in Turkish).
- Özgül N (1971). Orta Torosların kuzey kesiminin yapısal gelişiminde blok hareketlerinin önemi. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 14: 75-87 (in Turkish).
- Özgül N (1976). Torosların bazı temel jeoloji özellikleri. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 19: 65-78 (in Turkish).
- Özgül N (1997). Stratigraphy of tectonostratigraphic units in the Bozkir-Hadim-Taskent around northern part of Central Taurus. Bull Min Res Expl Inst 119: 113-174.
- Parlak O, Karaoğlan F, Rızaoğlu T, Klötzli U, Koller F, Billor Z (2013). U-Pb and 40 Ar- 39 Ar geochronology of the ophiolites and granitoids from the Tauride belt: implications for the evolution of the inner Tauride suture. J Geodyn 65: 22-37.
- Ring U, Johnson C, Hetzel R, Gessner K (2003). Tectonic denudation of a Late CretaceousTertiary collisional belt: regionally symmetric cooling patterns and their relation to extensional faults in the Anatolide belt of western Turkey. Geol Mag 140: 421-441.
- Sarıfakıoğlu E, Dilek Y, Winchester JA (2012). Late Cretaceous subduction initiation and Palaeocene-Eocene slab breakoff magmatism in south-central Anatolia, Turkey. Int Geol Rev 55: 66-87.
- Şengör AMC, Yılmaz Y (1981). Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75: 181-241.
- Seyitoğlu G, Işık V, Çemen İ (2004). Complete Tertiary exhumation history of the Menderes massif, western Turkey: an alternative working hypothesis. Terra Nova 16: 358-364.
- Seyitoğlu G, Işık V, Esat K (2014). A 3D model for the formation of turtleback surfaces: the Horzum Turtleback of western Turkey as a case study. Turkish J Earth Sci 23: 479-494.
- Seyitoğlu G, Tekeli O, Çemen İ, Şen Ş, Işık V (2002). The role of the flexural rotation/rolling hinge model in the tectonic evolution of the Alaşehir graben, western Turkey. Geol Mag 139: 15-26.
- Sirel E (1981). Bolkarina , new genus (Foraminiferida) and some associated species from the Thanetian limestone (Central Turkey). Eclogae Geol Helv 74: 75-95.
- Tirel C, Brun JP, Burov E (2008). Dynamics and structural development of metamorphic core complexes. J Geophys Res 113: 113: 1-25.
- Ulu Ü (2009). MTA Genel Müdürlüğü, 1:100 000 Ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Serisi, Karaman-M32 Paftası, No:127. Ankara, Turkey: MTA Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi (in Turkish).
- van Hinsbergen DJJ (2010). A key extensional metamorphic complex reviewed and restored: the Menderes Massif of western Turkey. Earth Sci Rev 102: 60-76.
- van Hinsbergen DJJ, Maffione M, Plunder A, Kaymakçı N, Ganerod M, Hendriks BWH, Corfu F, Gürer D, de Gelder GINO, Peters K et al. (2016). Tectonic evolution and paleogeography of the Kırşehir Block and the Central Anatolian Ophiolites, Turkey. Tectonics 35: 983-1014.
- Wells ML, Hoisch TD (2008). The role of mantle delamination in widespread Late Cretaceous extension and magmatism in the Cordilleran orogen, western United States. Geol Soc Am Bull 120: 515-530.
- Wernicke B (1981). Low-angle normal faults in the Basin and Range Province: nappe tectonics in an extending orogen. Nature 291: 645-648.
- Wernicke B, Axen GJ (1988). On the role of isostasy in the evolution of normal fault systems. Geology 16: 848-851.
- Whitney DL, Dilek Y (1997). Core complex development in central Anatolia, Turkey. Geology 25: 1023-1026.
- Whitney DL, Teyssier C, Fayon AK, Hamilton MA, Heizler M (2003). Tectonic controls on metamorphism, partial melting, and intrusion: timing and duration of regional metamorphism and magmatism in the Niğde Massif, Turkey. Tectonophysics 376: 37-60.
- Yetiş C (1978). Çamardı (Niğde ili) yakın ve uzak dolayının jeoloji incelemesi ve Ecemiş Yarılım kuşağının Maden boğazı-Kamışlı arasındaki özellikleri. PhD, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey (in Turkish).