2010

Palaeozoic formations from Dobrogea and Pre-Dobrogea – An overview

Dobruca ve Ön-Dobruca’daki Paleozoyik formasyonlarının litolojik, paleontolojik ve jeokronolojik özelliklerinin gözden geçirilmesi bu bölgelerin Paleozoyik tarihçelerinin daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlar. Ön-Dobruca’nın Alt Paleozoyik istil eri, Ön-Dobruca’nın bazı bölgelerinde daha altta yer alan Vediyen (Edikariyen) pelitik-siltli fasiyeslerle devamlılık gösterir, ve Baltika’nın peri-Tornquist havzalarından birini oluşturur. Bu durum Ön-Dobrucayı da içine alan İskit Platformu’nun Doğu Avrupa Kratonu’nundan riftleşme ile ayrıldığına işaret etmektedir. Kuzey Dobruca’da farklı tektonik ortamlara işaret eden iki tip Paleozoyik istif bulunur. Çört ve şeyl ve bunlarla ilişkili türbiditlerden oluşan derin denizel Ordovisyen–Devoniyen çökelleri, ve bu çökellerin Doğu Avrupa Kratonuna bakan kenarında gelişmiş Devoniyen karbonat platformu, güneye doğru dalan bir dalma-batma zonunda gelişmiş bir eklenir prizma oluşturur.Eklenir prizmanın güneyinde, derinden sığ denize kadar değişen Kuzey Dobruca’nın Siluriyen–Devoniyen çökelleri,Doğu Moezya istflerine benzerlik gösterir, ve kırıntılı zirkonlarla Avalonya’ya bağlı olduğu saptanan düşük dereceli Kambriyen kırıntılıları üzerinde çökelmiştir. Geç Paleozoyik’te gelişen erozyon ve bölgenin karalaşması sonucu karasal çökeller ve volkanik kayaları, arada bir Karbonifer boşluğu olmak üzere bu temel üzerinde yer alır. Düşük dereceli metamorfik kayalardan oluşan Bokluca mıntıkası Avalonya özellikleri gösterir, ve Bokluca’ya bağlı Alt Paleozoyik kayaları Doğu Moezya özellikleri taşır; bu birimler Erken Devoniyen’de Baltika ile çarpışmış ve daha sonra Geç Karbonifer–Erken Permiyen’de rejyonal metamorfizma ve granitik sokulumlar ile tanımlanan Hersiniyen orojenezi geçirmiştir. Bu özellikler ve Geç Karbonifer–Erken Permiyen yaşlı tektonizma ile eşyaşlı sedimentasyon, bölgenin bu dönemde aktif bir kıta kenarı konumunda olduğuna işaret eder. Kadomiyen özellikler gösteren Orliga mıntıkası, Reik Okyansu’nun kuzeye doğru dalıp yok olması sonucu Lavrasya’ya eklenmiştir. Doğu Moezya’nın Alt Paleozoyik istifleri, Erken Paleozoyik’te Baltika’ya yamanan Avalonya tipi bir mıntıkaya aittir. Baltika’nın Trans-Avrupa Kenet Zonu (TESZ) kıta kenarınan ayrılmış ince bir mıntıka Doğu Moezya temeli içinde bir kıymık oluşturur. Doğu Moezya’nın sedimenter istifi, Ordovisyen’de kuvarsitik fasiyesler, Üst Ordovisyen–Venlok’ta graptolitli şeyller, Ludlov–Pridoli’de siyah çamur taşları, Alt Devoniyen’de ince taneli kırıntılılardan yapılmıştır. Efyeliyen yaşlı karasal kumtaşlarını takiben Givetiyen–Turnaziyen zaman aralığında platform karbonatları gelişmiş, ve daha sonra Karbonifer’de kömür içeren kırıntılılar, bir ön-ülke havzasında çökelmiştir. Eyfeliyen’de hem Ön-Dobruca hem de Doğu Moezya, Lavrasya’nın yamanmıştır ve benzer kırmızı kumtaşı fasiyesleri gösterirler. Permiyen’de Dobruca ve Ön-Dobruca’da riftleşme gözlenir, buna karşın Doğu Moezya’da riftleşme ile ilgili çökel kayıtları çok kıtdır. Ön-Dobruca’nın doğu havzalarında Permiyen riftleşmesi ile beraber bazalt-trakit birlikteliğinden oluşan alkalin bimodal volkanizma gelişmiş, ve bu volkanizma Kuzey Dobruca’nın kuzey kenarını da etkilemiştir. Geç Permiyen levha-içi alkalin magmatizma sonucu Kuzey Dobruca’nın güneybatı kenarı boyunca derinlik ve yarı-derinlik kayaları yerleşmiştir. Burada sunulan model, Erken Paleozoyik’te Baltika’nın güney sınırı boyunca Doğu Moezya ve Kuzey Dobruca’nın Bokluca mıntıkasını içeren Avalonya kökenli kıta parçaçıklarının Baltika’ya eklenmesini içerir. Kuzey Dobruca’nın Kadomiyen kökenli Orliga mıntıkası Geç Karbonifer–Erken Permiyen’de kuzeye eklenmiş ve bu olay sonucu Reik Okyanusu kapanarak Hersiniyen metamorfizması ve granit yerleşimi gerçekleşmiştir. Bu olayları takiben Avalonya ve Kadomiyen kökenli mıntıkalar, ve Baltika’nın TESZkenarından kopan ince bir mıntıka, TESZ boyunca gelişen doğrultu-atımlı faylar boyunca güneye doğru ötelenmiştir.

Dobruca ve Ön-Dobruca’nın paleozoyik formasyonları

An overview of lithological, palaeontological and geochronological evidence existing for the Palaeozoic formations from Dobrogea and PrDobrogea has enabled a better understanding of the Palaeozoic history of these areas. The Lower Palaeozoic of Pre-Dobrogea, in places in continuity with the pelitic-silty facies of the underlying Vendian (Ediacaran) deposits, was one of the peri-Tornquist basins of Baltica, suggesting that the Scythian Platform in the Pre-Dobrogea basement represents the rifted margin of the East European Craton. In North Dobrogea two types of Palaeozoic succession have formed in different tectonic settings. Deep marine Ordovician-Devonian deposits, including pelagic cherts and shales, associated with turbidites, and facing Devonian carbonate platform deposits of the East European Craton, form northward-younging tectonic units of an accretionary wedge, tectonically accreted above a south-dipping subduction zone. South of the accretionary prism, the basinal to shallow marine Silurian-Devonian deposits of North Dobrogea, showing a similar lithology to the East Moesian successions, accumulated on top of low-grade Cambrian clastics with Avalonian affinity indicated by detrital zircons. Late Palaeozoic erosion was accompanied by deposition of continental alluvial, fluvial and volcano-sedimentary successions, overlying their basement above an imprecise Carboniferous gap. The low-grade metamorphic Boclugea terrane, showing Avalonian affinity, and the associated Lower Palaeozoic deposits represent East Moesian successions, docked to Baltica by the Lower Devonian and subsequently involved in the Hercynian orogeny, being affected by Late Carboniferous-Early Permian regional metamorphism and granite intrusion. The Late Carboniferous-Early Permian syn-tectonic sedimentation, regional metamorphism of Palaeozoic formations and development of a calc-alkaline volcano-plutonic arc indicate an active plate margin setting and an upper plate position of the Măcin-type successions during the Variscan collision, when the Orliga terrane, with Cadomian affinity, was accreted to Laurussia along a north-dipping subduction zone of the Rheic Ocean. The East Moesian Lower Palaeozoic succession, overstepping its Ediacaran basement, represents an Avalonian terrane, docked to the Baltica margin in the Early Palaeozoic. A narrow terrane detached from the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ) margin of the Baltica palaeocontinent forms a tectonic wedge within the East Moesian basement. The Palaeozoic sedimentary record of East Moesia shows a quartzitic facies in the Ordovician, graptolite shales in Upper Ordovician-Wenlock, black argillites in the Ludlow-Pridoli and fine-grained clastics in the Lower Devonian. Eifelian continental sandstones are followed by a carbonate platform from Givetian to Tournaisian times and coal-bearing clastics in the Carboniferous, indicating a foredeep basin evolution. By the Eifelian both East Moesia and Pre-Dobrogea were part of Laurussia, sharing the same old red sandstone facies. The Permian is a time of rifting in Dobrogea and Pre-Dobrogea, although evidence for rifting in the East Moesian sedimentary record is very limited. In the eastern basins of Pre-Dobrogea, Permian rifting was accompanied by alkaline bimodal volcanism of the basalt-trachyte association, that affected also the northern margin of North Dobrogea. Late Permian within-plate alkaline magmatic activity emplaced plutonic and hypabyssal complexes along the south-western margin of North Dobrogea. The model proposed for the Palaeozoic history based on existing data for the north-western margin of the Black Sea records early Palaeozoic docking to Baltica of the Avalonian terrane of East Moesia, including the Boclugea terrane of North Dobrogea. Late Carboniferous-Early Permian accretion of the Cadomian Orliga terrane from North Dobrogea, accompanied by Hercynian metamorphism and granite intrusion, correlates with the closure of the Rheic Ocean. Subsequently, Avalonian and Cadomian terranes, together with a narrow terrane detached from the TESZ margin of Baltica palaeocontinent, were displaced southward along the strike-slip fault system of the TESZ.

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